Effects of hypertension with and without smoking on salivary electrolytes concentration

maha alramadany; Layla  S. Yas

doi:10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6512046

Authors

maha alramadany B. D .S https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3158-5588
Layla S. Yas Dept. Oral pathology, college of dentistry, University of Baghdad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6512046

Keywords:

Hypertension

Abstract

Background: Hypertension from smoking is a chronic medical condition that impacts human health. It has been proved that it could be a significant risk factor for different disorders like brain damage, the lung disease and has been related to the growth of oral diseases. However, there are few and conflicting research on its effect on salivary electrolytes concentrations.

Aim of the study: To assess the effect of hypertension with and without smoking on electrolyte concentrations in saliva and to identify its effect on normal oral balance.

Methods: A total number of 90 subjects included, which is comprised of (49) (54.4 %) males subjects and (41) (45.6 %) females subjects in the gender. They were divided into three groups, G1, G2 and G3 groups. Group 1 comprised 30 subjects of hypertension with smoking, Group 2 comprised 30 subjects of hypertension without smoking and Group 3 comprised 30 subjects of healthy non-smoking controls.

Results: Findings displayed a highly significant difference in concentration of calcium in saliva and there was no significant difference in potassium and sodium for the three groups. There was a significant difference of calcium in saliva concentration for all study group with respect to P-Value (0.000).

Conclusion: The salivary calcium concentration in the saliva can be affected by hypertension with smoking and the increase in salivary calcium levels might be a risk factor for development of periodontal diseases.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Hasan ZN, Hussein MQ, Haji GF. Hypertension as a risk factor: is it different in ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction comparative cross-sectional study? International journal of hypertension. 2011;2011.

Achelrod D, Wenzel U, Frey S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of resistant hypertension in treated hypertensive populations. American journal of hypertension. 2015;28(3):355-61.

Alazawi OF, Allawi AAD, Saleh SA. prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad. 2012;54(4):281-6.

Del Pinto R, Landi L, Grassi G, Sforza NM, Cairo F, Citterio F, et al. Hypertension and periodontitis: A joint report by the Italian society of hypertension (SIIA) and the Italian society of periodontology and implantology (SIdP). High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention. 2021;28(5):427-38.

Northridge ME, Kumar A, Kaur R. Disparities in access to oral health care. Annual review of public health. 2020;41:513.

Rebelo MA, de Castro PH, Rebelo Vieira JM, Robinson PG, Vettore MV. Low social position, periodontal disease, and poor oral health‐related quality of life in adults with systemic arterial hypertension. Journal of periodontology. 2016;87(12):1379-87.

Alasadi ZA, Qasim AA. Impact of fixed orthodontic therapy on salivary characteristics in relation to weight status. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2018;11(3):1463-70.

Adnan H, Hindy SA, Naji AZ. Salivary Changes with the Age and their Effect on Plaque Related Disease. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2021;15(1).

Jasim HH. Effects of X-radiation on the salivary composition. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2017;4:110-

Tamura T, Kadomatsu Y, Tsukamoto M, Okada R, Sasakabe T, Kawai S, et al. Association of exposure level to passive smoking with hypertension among lifetime nonsmokers in Japan: a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2018;97(48).

Lu Y-P, Huang J-W, Lee I, Weng R-C, Lin M-Y, Yang J-T, et al. A portable system to monitor saliva conductivity for dehydration diagnosis and kidney healthcare. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):1-9.

Osayande OE, Osayande O. Effect of cigarette smoking on salivary electrolyte composition in a sub-urban Nigerian population. Port Harcourt Medical Journal. 2018;12(1):41.

Singh CR, Kathiresan K. Effect of cigarette smoking on human health and promising remedy by mangroves. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2015;5(2):162-7.

Singh M, Ingle NA, Kaur N, Yadav P, Ingle E. Effect of long-term smoking on salivary flow rate and salivary pH. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry. 2015;13(1):11.

Padmavathi P, Reddy VD, Varadacharyulu N. Influence of chronic cigarette smoking on serum biochemical profile in male human volunteers. Journal of Health science. 2009;55(2):265-70.

Kallapur B, Ramalingam K, Mujib A, Sarkar A, Sethuraman S. Quantitative estimation of sodium, potassium and total protein in saliva of diabetic smokers and nonsmokers: A novel study. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine. 2013;4(2).

Li G, Wang H, Wang K, Wang W, Dong F, Qian Y, et al. The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1-6.

Asensio J, Beltrán MI, Juárez-Serrano N, Berenguer D, Marcilla A. Study of the Decomposition of N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) under Inert and Oxidative Atmospheres: Effect of the Addition of SBA-15 and MCM-41. Applied Sciences. 2022;12(19):9426.

Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, Bloomgarden ZT, Fonseca VA, Garber AJ, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocrine Practice. 2017;23:1-87.

Kim D-E, Lee K-B, Jang I-M, Roh H, Ahn M-Y, Lee J. Associations of cigarette smoking with intracranial atherosclerosis in the patients with acute ischemic stroke. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2012;114(9):1243-7.

Srilatha T, Manthapuri S, Shylaja S, Ramanand OV, Reddy ES, Vamshi VR. Cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliated buccal mucosal cells in smokers and patients with hypertension: A quantitative analysis. Journal of International Oral Health. 2021;13(1):53.

Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Martin Carreras-Presas C, Aro K, Tu M, Garcia-Godoy F, Wong DT. Saliva diagnostics–Current views and directions. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2017;242(5):459-72.

Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Khan RS, Najeeb S, Slowey PD, Rehman IU. Role of salivary biomarkers in oral cancer detection. Advances in clinical chemistry. 2018;86:23-70.

Bafghi AF, Tabrizi AG, Bakhshayi P. The effect of smoking on mineral and protein compositionof saliva. Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2015;27(81):301.

WaliM V, Yatiraj S. Study of serum sodium and potassium in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 2014;8(11):CC07.

Bergdahl M. Salivary flow and oral complaints in adult dental patients. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2000;28(1):59-66.

Michalke B, Nischwitz V. Speciation and element-specific detection. Liquid Chromatography: Elsevier; 2017. p. 753-67.

Aledan H, Rasheed J, Jasim Z, Razak MA. Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis with Rice Broth. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2021;9(2):588-96.

Labat C, Thul S, Pirault J, Temmar M, Thornton SN, Benetos A, et al. Differential associations for salivary sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels with carotid intima media thickness, heart rate, and arterial stiffness. Disease markers. 2018;2018.

Komar K, Glavina A, Boras VV, Verzak Ž, Brailo V. Impact of smoking on oral health: knowledge and attitudes of Croatian dentists and dental students. Acta Stomatologica Croatica. 2018;52(2):148.

Petrušić N, Posavac M, Sabol I, Mravak-Stipetić M. The effect of tobacco smoking on salivation. Acta stomatologica Croatica: International journal of oral sciences and dental medicine. 2015;49(4):309-15.

Tóth-Molnár E, Ding C. New insight into lacrimal gland function: Role of the duct epithelium in tear secretion. The Ocular Surface. 2020;18(4):595-603.

Rasheed RH. A comparative study between the effects of two different antihypertensive drugs on the salivary flow rate and salivary compositions. Journal of baghdad college of dentistry. 2005;17(1).

Welz B, Sperling M. Atomic absorption spectrometry: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.

Khan GJ, Javed M, Ishaq M. Effect of smoking on salivary flow rate. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;8(2).

Laine MA, Sewón LA, Karjalainen SM, Helenius H, Doroguinskaia A, Lehtonen-Veromaa M. Salivary variables in relation to tobacco smoking and female sex steroid hormone-use in 30 to 59-year-old women. Acta odontologica Scandinavica. 2002;60(4):237-40.

Tjahajawati S, Rafisa A, Lestari EA. The Effect of Smoking on Salivary Calcium Levels, Calcium Intake, and Bleeding on Probing in Female. International Journal of Dentistry. 2021;2021.

Valimaa H, Savolainen S, Soukka T, Silvoniemi P, Makela S, Kujari H, et al. Estrogen receptor-beta is the predominant estrogen receptor subtype in human oral epithelium and salivary glands. Journal of endocrinology. 2004;180(1):55-62.

Lieben L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D signaling in osteocytes: effects on bone and mineral homeostasis. Bone. 2013;54(2):237-43.

Goff JP. Calcium and magnesium disorders. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2014;30(2):359-81.

Abed HH, Al-Fatah JA, Mohana MH, Husseen AA-WA. Evaluation of calcium concentration in saliva of Iraqi male smokers. Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;11(1):18-24.