Uncovering Factors Contributing to Poor Asthma Control among Asthmatic Patients in Erbil City - Kurdistan Region

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbaghdad.6632312

Keywords:

Asthma, Control, Comorbidities, Inhaler, Triggers

Abstract

Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and variable expiratory airflow limitation.

Objective: The objective of this study was to uncover factors contributing to poor asthma control in Erbil City, Iraq.

Methods: To assess asthma control in Erbil City a cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 200 patients with asthma from the 1st, of June to the 31st, of December 2023.  Demographics, clinical characteristics, triggers, comorbidities, inhaler problems, causes of visit, and state of asthma control were evaluated using Global Initiative for Asthma 2023 as the assessment tool questionnaire. Asthma control was divided into three levels: controlled, partly controlled, and uncontrolled.

Results: In this study, 200 patients with asthma (108 females and 92 males) were studied. The mean age ± SD of the patients was 35.61 ± 17.182 years and the female-to-male ratio was nearly 1:1. Asthma control was very poor as only 24 patients (12%) were controlled. Neither sex nor age group has a statistically significant association with asthma control. Factors significantly associated with asthma control included improper inhaler technique (45.5%), fear of addiction (29%) improper inhaler prescription (27.5%), coat (23%), device type (22.5%), infections (21%), indoor and outdoor exposure (18%), tobacco smoking (17%), allergic rhinitis (28.5%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (21.5%) and short-acting beta agonist alone therapy 104(52%). Other factors were non-significantly associated with asthma control such as emotional stress (9.5%), food allergy (8.5%), obesity (15%), atopic dermatitis (6%), obstructive sleep apnea (15%), and pregnancy (5.5%).

Conclusion: The current study concluded that factors associated with uncontrolled asthma were improper inhaler technique, fear of addiction, improper inhaler prescription, cost, device type, infections, indoor and outdoor exposure, tobacco smoking, allergic rhinitis, Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease and short-acting beta agonist alone therapy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Rhee C, Kadri SS, Dekker JP, Danner RL, Chen HC, Fram D, et al. CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens in Culture-Proven Sepsis and Outcomes Associated With Inadequate and Broad-Spectrum Empiric Antibiotic Use. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 3(4):e202899. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899. PMID: 32297949; PMCID: PMC7163409.

Mekonnen H, Seid A, Molla Fenta G, Gebrecherkos T. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and associated factors of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infection among patients admitted at Dessie comprehensive specialized Hospital, North-East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0257272. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257272P. MID: 34780494; PMCID: PMC8592406.

Kaszab E, Radó J, Kriszt B, Pászti J, Lesinszki V, Szabó A, et al. Groundwater, soil and compost, as possible sources of virulent and antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Environ Health Res. 2021;31(7):848-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1691719. Epub 2019 Nov 18. PMID: 31736330.

Ali MN, Zgair AK. Extracellular product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in growth medium is involved in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of human oral epithelial cells in vitro. Polim Med. 2022; 52(2):77-82. https://doi.org/10.17219/pim/155849. PMID: 36449403.

Groeger S, Meyle J. Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol. 2019; 10:208 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00208. PMID: 30837987; PMCID: PMC6383680.

Laventie, B.-J. and U. Jenal, Surface sensing and adaptation in bacteria. Annual review of microbiology. 2020; 74: 735-760. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-012120-0634277

Chhibber S, Zgair AK. Adhesion of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces and Role of Flagella in Bacterial Adhesion. World J Exp Biosci. 2022; 10(2), 26-31 URL.

Ou-yahia D, Fikri-Benbrahim K, Bennouna F, Koraichi SI. Adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its effects on the physicochemical properties of 304 stainless steel immersed in artificial seawater. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023;72, 3589-3593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2018.04.004.

Etha SA, Sivasankar VS, Sachar HS, Das S. Coating for preventing nonspecific adhesion mediated biofouling in salty systems: Effect of the electrostatic and van der waals interactions. Electrophoresis. 2020;41(9):657-665. https://doi.org10.1002/elps.201900348. Epub 2020 Mar 12. PMID: 32092163.

Mohammed AJ, Kanber SA, Talib MM, Rasheed HJ. Bioremediation of crude oil pollutants in the soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other soil microorganisms.World J Exp Biosci11. 2023; (1): 07-10. URL

Ali M A, Mahmood SS. Role of Rnd-efflux pump in levofloxacin resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii. Iraqi J Agricul Sci. 2022; 53(3), pp. 542–550. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i3.1562.

Hsueh PR, Ko WC, Wu JJ, Lu JJ, Wang FD, et al. Consensus statement on the adherence to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Guidelines (CLSI-2010 and CLSI-2010-update) for Enterobacteriaceae in clinical microbiology laboratories in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2010; 43(5):452-5.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60070-9

Al-Mutalib LAA, Zgair AK. Effect of subinhibitory doses of rifaximin on in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence and biofilm formation to biotic and abiotic surface models. Polim Med. 2023; 53(2):97-103.

https://doi.org/10.17219/pim/166584

Al-Mutalib LAA, Zgair AK. Effect of subinhibitory doses of rifaximin on in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence and biofilm formation to biotic and abiotic surface models. Polim Med. 2023; 53(2):97-103. https://doi/10.17219/pim/166584. PMID: 37470308.

Yang Y, Schwiderek S, Grundmeier G, Keller A. Strain-Dependent Adsorption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived Adhesin-Like Peptides at Abiotic Surfaces. Micro 2021;1, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.3390/micro1010010.

Muggeo A, Coraux C, Guillard T. Current concepts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa interaction with human airway epithelium. PLoS Pathog. 2023 ;19(3):e1011221. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011221. PMID: 36996043; PMCID: PMC10062669.

Huang P, Li Z, Liu R, Bartlam M, Wang Y. Polystyrene nanoparticles induce biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Hazard Mater. 2024;469:133950.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024. 133950. Epub 2024. PMID: 38442601.

Geiger CJ, O'Toole GA. Evidence for the Type IV Pilus Retraction Motor PilT as a Component of the Surface Sensing System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2023; 205(7):e0017923. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00179-23.

Thi MTT, Wibowo D, Rehm BHA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228671

Kreve S, Reis ACD. Bacterial adhesion to biomaterials: What regulates this attachment? A review. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2021 Nov;57:85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.05.003. Epub 2021 Jun 12. PMID: 34188729; PMCID: PMC8215285.

Asthma, Control, Comorbidities, Inhaler, Triggers

Downloads

Published

01.10.2024

How to Cite

1.
Khoshnaw ZS. Uncovering Factors Contributing to Poor Asthma Control among Asthmatic Patients in Erbil City - Kurdistan Region. J Fac Med Baghdad [Internet]. 2024 Oct. 1 [cited 2024 Oct. 13];66(3):312-9. Available from: https://iqjmc.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/19JFacMedBaghdad36/article/view/2312

Publication Dates

Similar Articles

1-10 of 445

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.