Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad
Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad (J Fac Med Baghdad) is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly (April, July, October, and December) by the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. The Journal provides an Open Journal System powered by PKP as a communication platform for researchers, physicians, and medical workers in different aspects of medicine and basic medical sciences worldwide. It accepts original articles, review articles, case reports, letters to the editor, short communications, and editorials in all fields relevant to medicine. Historically, this journal is the first medical journal in the Middle East. The journal was established in December 1935 under the name (The Journal of the Royal Faculty of Medicine of ‘Iraq) by the Royal Medical College (founded at the end of 1927). The first five volumes were published only in Arabic and approved by the council of the college as a general journal dealing with the news of the college and a few scientific articles to encourage the teaching staff for research publication. It disseminated official information on the progress of the health sector and strengthened the link between the medical family in Iraq and the health authorities. In addition to the Arabic section that contained official information of the medical family, an English section was launched in 1941. The English section contained research dealing with all the medical facts and discoveries that were relevant to the country in order to combat communicable and endemic diseases in the Kingdom of Iraq. The publication continued until the end of 1957, when it had to be discontinued due to a shortage of material. In 1959, Prof. Dr. Faisal Al-Sabih became the journal's editor-in-chief, restructured the journal, changed its name to The Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad, and used a new scientific system to publish articles. A new series began in January 1959. According to this, time for research and facilities were being available for staff members. A section introducing the activities and achievements of various school departments was included. The journal supplied useful reading for the Iraqi medical profession and conveyed to colleagues abroad to better understand the activities that had hitherto rarely been available outside Iraq. The journal has continued to be published regularly without interruption (four issues during the year). The journal became registered with the International Number (ISSN) in 2000 and entered many important international indexes. After 2003, the journal continued despite the difficulties involved in every aspect of the country. By the beginning of 2004, the journal had progressed through a series of changes to reach a level recognized internationally. In 2018, the journal became published online with the same edited issues. The founders of the journal, whether Iraqis or other nationalities who contributed to managing this journal and publishing it, have chronicled the periods of development of medicine in Iraq, taking into consideration that the research that was published in it was receiving global echo as it was a rich source for foreigners, researchers, and many of their articles and dissertations on researchers published in this journal.
College of Medicine- University of Baghdad
Correlation between Demographic Characteristic and Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (OxLDL-IgM and OxLDL-IgG) Antibodies levels in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may affect one or more organ systems; as time goes on, other manifestations may start to appear. Musculoskeletal, cutaneous, renal, and endocrine systems are all involved in SLE. The nervous system, hematological, vascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and ocular imbalance of the immune response and the production of autoantibodies such as anti-oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein LDL antibodies have a clear impact on the body’s organs and the development of complications of the disease. Objectives: To assess the levels of anti-oxLDL (IgM-Abs) and anti-oxLDL (IgG-Abs) as biomarkers for disease activity in SLE patients and their relationship to demographic characteristics. Methods: The study comprised 100 SLE patients admitted to the Rheumatology Unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, age range (33.4 to 9.95) years, including 7 males and 93 females. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay ELISA was used to measure the levels of serum oxLDL (IgM- Abs) and oxLDL (IgG-Abs). Results: The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the levels of anti-oxLDL IgM antibodies(Abs) in SLE patients in obese and non-obese groups since the levels of anti-oxLDL-IgM Abs in obese patients were (3.14 µg/L) and non-obese patients were (5.13 µg/L) (P=0.005), while in SLE patients with Diabetes Mellitus (D.M.), the levels of anti-ox LDL-IgM Abs were (3.80 µg/L) and in SLE patients with no DM were (5.13 µg/L). Also, the results showed that there were no significant differences between levels of anti-oxLDL IgG Abs in obese patients with SLE (6.28 µg/L) and non-obese patients with SLE (10.25µg/L) P > 0.05. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between levels of anti-oxLDL IgM Abs in obese and non-obese patients with SLE, and no significant differences between the levels of anti-oxLDL IgG Abs in the same groups of patients.
ImmunogOxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein antibody
Copyright (c) 2024 Nusaibah K. Al-Zubaidi, Suha A. Al-Fakhar , Mohammad H. Al-Osami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Isolation and Identification of H. pylori among Iraq patients with chronic gastric inflammation
Background: H. pylori is one of the gastrointestinal organisms in which more than half the world's population was infected. The aim of this study was to Isolation, identity, and determine antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori from samples of the patient (biopsies) using various procedures. Patients and methods: A total of 90(58 males, 32females) patients with different age groups from both genders are involved in this study suffering from dyspeptic symptoms They underwent diagnostic ‘upper’ gastrointestinal (G.I.) endoscopy at “Endoscopy unit of AL- Sadder Teaching Hospital in Baghdad “during the period November 2021 to March 2022. Results: The results showed a relationship between H. pylori infection occurrence and endoscopic ally diagnosed dyspeptic patients; it was recorded that H. pylori was isolated in 30 cases. Antibiotic resistance test for H. pylori isolates showing susceptibility to levofloxacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin. Whereas all the tested isolates were appearing resistant to metronidazole, and tetracycline. Conclusion: The results showed a relationship between H. pylori infection occurrence and endoscopic ally diagnosed dyspeptic patients. Culture and antibiotic sensitivity assay for detection of H. pylori are more reliable in biopsies than urease tests. H. pylori isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin.
Copyright (c) 2022 fatima omer saber http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Programmed Death Ligand 1 Receptor Protein Expression in a Group of Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma Patients and its Correlation with the Clinicopathological Parameters
Background: Triple-negative breast carcinoma has an aggressive nature, poor prognosis, with high recurrence rates and metastasis. It has a poor response to targeted therapies, leaving a restricted number of efficient treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Some types of triple-negative breast carcinoma are considered immunogenic types, which mean that these tumors may be susceptible targets to a new line of treatment known as immunotherapy. Several biomarkers have been discovered to determine patients who could be eligible candidates to receive immunotherapies. One of these biomarkers is the programmed death receptor 1 (PD1)/ programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression. Objectives: To assess the expression status of the PD-L1 protein in a group of triple-negative breast carcinoma patients, and its correlation with the clinicopathological parameters. Methods: The study was conducted from October 2024 to April 2025. A cross-sectional study involved 53 patients, who were diagnosed as triple-negative invasive ductal breast carcinoma. The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved from the archives department of the histopathological laboratories in the Medical City Complex hospitals, Baghdad, Iraq. The clinical data of these patients were reviewed, and the blocks were sectioned, prepared, and stained with monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody. Results: The majority of the cases (45 patients, 84.9%) had negative expression of PD-L1 protein, while eight patients (15.1%) had positive expression of PD-L1 protein. A non-significant correlation was found between the PD-L1 protein expression and the clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion: The vast majority of the studied cases had a negative expression of PD-L1 protein. It seemed that the correlation between PD-L1 expression status and the studied clinicopathological parameters was not significant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heba A. Al-Saffar, Kifah H. Abdul Ghafour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Study in The Hospitals of Medical City, Baghdad
Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a preventable cause of childhood blindness. The global incidence of ROP is increasing, though the contributing factors differ between developed and developing countries. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ROP and to identify associated risk factors among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units of three hospitals within the Baghdad Medical City complex. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January 1, 2019, to January 1, 2020, in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Medical City Hospitals in Baghdad: Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and a Private Nursing Home. Inclusion criteria were gestational age (GA) <34 weeks and/or birth weight (BW) <2000g; unstable infants exceeding these criteria were also included. All eligible infants underwent retinal examinations by an ophthalmologist at 4-6 weeks of age using RetCam imaging. Results: Eighty-nine infants were included. The mean GA was 31.1±1.9 weeks and the mean BW was 1333.2±254.7 grams. The incidence of ROP was 20 (22.5%). A highly significant association was found between ROP and lower GA, lower BW, blood transfusion, intraventricular hemorrhage, mechanical ventilation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis. No significant association was found with gender or multiple pregnancy. Conclusions: The prevalence of ROP was significant. Key risk factors were gestational age less than 32 weeks of gestation, birthweight less than 1250g, and clinical complications. The findings underscore the critical need for stringent ROP screening protocols and optimized neonatal care strategies, including minimizing transfusions, enhancing infection control, and improving respiratory management, to reduce ROP-related morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammar Kh. Khaleel, Ali A. Khudhair, Zaid M. Jaafar, Manal B. Baythoon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Uncovering Hidden Partners: Detecting Co-Microbial Urinary Tract Infections among the Elderly
Background: Co-microbial infection occupies a big portion of the urinary tract infections (UTI), especially in the elderly. Such infections are hidden, because of the dominance of one species over the other species. Objectives: This study aimeds to detect polymicrobial urinary tract infections in middle-aged and elderly patients using both culture-based and molecular methods. It also investigates the presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes, specifically armA and rmtG, to improve diagnostic precision and support targeted therapeutic decisions. Methods: In the current study, 100 clinical samples of urine were collected from middle-aged and elderly patients suffering from urinary tract infections. The study was conducted in two hospitals in Baghdad between October 2023 and April 2024. The age of patients was 45+ years equally divided between males and females. These samples were cultured on selective and differential culture media. The grown isolates were further purified and identified using the Vitek system. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern. Bacterial DNA was extracted and specific primers were designated for this study, to amplify the resistance coding genes armA and rmtG by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were the co-existing microbes causing UTI in middle-aged and elderly patients. Significant gender differences were found in the co-infection rates and antibiotic susceptibility tests and genetic analysis identified resistance genes armA and rmtG. These co-microbes were resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Both K. pneumoniae and E. coli carried the armA gene, while the rmtG gene was predominant in K. pneumoniae only. K. pneumoniae and E. coli were found in 42% of the samples. The armA gene was detected in 46% of isolates (10/15 E. coli, 4/15 K. pneumoniae), while the rmtG gene was detected in 26.6% of K. pneumoniae isolates and not found in E. coli Conclusion: This study highlights the occurrence of polymicrobial urinary tract infections among middle-aged and elderly patients, especially females. The detection of resistance genes underscores the importance of molecular diagnostics and gender-specific treatment strategies in managing UTIs.
الميكروبات المشتركة ، أصابات المسالك البولية ، المرضى كبار السن
Copyright (c) 2026 Mazin Z. Yashkur, Marwa H. Al-Khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Using Alcoholic Extract of Camellia sinensis and their Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: Multidrug resistance bacteria is rapidly spreading globally and has created an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to combat these bacteria. Green nanotechnology is an eco-friendly way of synthesizing Bioactive Nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to conventional methods. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to "green" synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) from an alcohol extract of Camellia sinensis (tea plant) and evaluate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against clinical multidrug resistance bacterial isolates. Methods: Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized utilizing an alcohol extract of Camellia sinensis as a reducing/stabilizing agent. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized by UV–Vis Spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, EDX, AAS, and Zeta Potential analyses. The antibacterial activity of the MgO NPs was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations while their anti-biofilm activity was assessed by a microtiter plate crystal violet assay against clinical MDR Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Results: According to the study, MgO nanoparticles that were created by biosynthetic means had an average particle size range of 52-104 nm (SEM) and had evidence of nanoscale surface roughness from AFM. They also showed high colloidal stability with zeta potentials of -44.61 mV. MgO nanoparticles exhibited very strong (dose-dependent antibacterial effect on both E. faecalis and K. pneumoniae with a MIC value of 12.5 µg/ml, and significantly reduced biofilm formation by 95.45-100% at sub-MIC concentrations. Conclusion: Green-synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles using extracts from Camellia sinensis, have very good anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, and support the theorized use of green-synthesized MgO nanoparticles as an eco-friendly antimicrobial agent to reduce biofilm-related infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iman M. Salem, Huda S. AL-Hayanni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of YKL-40 in the Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in a Group of Iraqi Patients
Background: As the number of caesarean deliveries has escalated over the last 50 years, Placenta Accreta Spectrum is now emerging as a more frequent pregnancy- related issue. The incidence of this problem is increasing, with recent estimates indicating an approximate 1/333 to 1/533 deliveries. Recent studies reveal that YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase-3-like protein 1 which is a secreted glycoprotein that is approximately 40kDa in size) may be involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation as well as extracellular matrix remodeling, and other inflammatory processes. Objectives: To evaluate the association between maternal serum YKL-40 levels and the severity of Placenta Accreta Spectrum. Methods: A case - control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, from June 1, 2023, to June 1, 2024. It included 97 pregnant women with singleton pregnancy in the third trimester, having a diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum (37 patients), and those with normally sited placenta admitted for delivery either by vaginal or caesarean section (60 controls). The serum YKL40 biomarker was investigated in both groups. Results: The mean level of the YKL-40 was significantly higher in patients diagnosed with placenta accreta spectrum than in those with a normal placenta. As the cut-off point for the YKL-40 is 112.68 pg/ml, a YKL-40 level > 112.68 pg/ml was associated with placenta accreta spectrum. Conclusion: Serum YKL-40 appears to be a promising biomarker associated with the presence and clinical severity of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in the third trimester. While its role as a primary diagnostic tool is limited by the availability of imaging techniques at this stage of pregnancy, it shows a significant correlation with the depth of placental invasion. y.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najmah M. Meran, Zina E. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Sequencing of Catalytic Serine Protease, Linker, and Activation Peptide Domains-Coding Regions of the F9 Gene in Iraqi Hemophilia B Patients
Background: Hemophilia B is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the F9 gene, causing bleeding tendency predominantly in males. The mutational spectrum of the F9 gene has not been adequately studied in Iraq. Objectives: To detect the disease-causing variants of exons 6, 7, and 8 and immediate introns of F9 gene using Sanger sequencing among Iraqi hemophilia B patients and to correlate them with phenotypes. Methods: Forty Iraqi hemophilia B patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study from The Hereditary Bleeding Disorder Ward in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, between November 2021 and April 2022 using a consecutive sampling technique. Peripheral blood samples were used for sequencing exons 6, 7, and 8, which encode catalytic serine protease (SP), linker, and activation peptide domains and immediate introns of the F9 gene using Sanger sequencing. Results: Nineteen (47.5%) patients had positive conclusive results. Fifteen unique variants were detected; 12 (80%) of them were disease-causing. Nine variants were located in the SP, one in the linker domain, and two in the splice site of intron 6. The most common pathogenic variant was the c.572G>A (p.Arg191His) on the linker domain as seen in six patients, while c.880C>T (p.Arg294Ter) and c.1358G>T (p.Trp453Leu) were the most common pathogenic variants of the SP domain as seen in two patients each. The vast majority were point mutations that are generally similar to the reported phenotype. Conclusion: Molecular profiling of F9 gene in the current cohort confirms 12 disease-causing variants, making molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling of hemophilia B possible. It explained the discrepancy between FIX level and clinical course, and variable severity among family members. Integrating genetic data into national registries will expand the molecular database for important health conditions in Iraq, improving healthcare provision through genetic counseling, prevention, and prenatal diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Huda H. Obaida, Bassam M.S. Al-Musawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Effect of Etanercept Treatment on the levels of Albumin and C-reactive Protein and their Ratio in Iraqi Psoriatic Patients
Background: Psoriasis, a common chronic autoimmune dermatological disease, is identified by scaling and inflammation seen in the skin. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Objectives: To examine changes in albumin and C-reactive protein levels and their ratios, and the effect of Etanercept treatment on these indicators in the serum of Iraqi Psoriasis patients compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 100 Psoriatic patients were enrolled in the study and matched with healthy individuals (n=93) attending the Department of Venereology and Dermatology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from November 2024 to April 2025. The levels of C-reactive protein and albumin, as well as their ratio in these patients, were compared with those of the control group. Furthermore, the effects of the biologic treatment were followed up for these parameters using 30 patients, before receiving any treatment, and after three months of Etanercept treatment. Results: The serum level of albumin showed a highly significant decrease, with a highly significant increase in the concentrations of both serum C-reactive protein and the CRP/albumin ratio in the patient group compared to the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the three-month treatment with Etanercept induced a substantial difference in the albumin levels, and a very notable decrease in both C-reactive protein concentration and CRP/albumin ratio. Conclusion: Psoriasis is a disease that affects the albumin and C-reactive protein levels, as well as their ratio. In the interim, using Etanercept for three months as biotherapy revealed alterations in the measured levels, achieving concentrations nearly similar to those of normal healthy individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajaa J. Abdel Rasul , Hathama R. Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Laboratory Markers Used for the Diagnoses of Food, Respiratory, Skin, and Drug Allergies
Background: Allergies, as prevalent conditions, significantly impact individuals' health and quality of life. The criticality of accurate diagnosis cannot be overstated, as it is the cornerstone for effective management and treatment, underscoring the gravity of the medical professionals’ work. Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of laboratory markers used to diagnose different types of allergies, including food, respiratory, skin, and drug allergies. Methods: The review analyzed and synthesized data from current literature on essential diagnostic tools such as skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, and component-resolved diagnostics. Studies comparing these diagnostic methods' efficacy, specificity, and limitations were discussed. Results: Skin prick tests remain widely used for diagnosing immediate-type allergies but may have limitations in detecting all allergens. Specific IgE blood tests offer a more detailed assessment of allergen-specific responses, although they can be influenced by factors such as patient age and coexisting conditions. Component-resolved diagnostics provide enhanced precision by identifying specific allergenic components, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding targeted immunotherapy. Conclusions: The review underscores the effectiveness of existing diagnostic tools while also highlighting their variability depending on the type of allergy and patient characteristics. The future of allergy diagnosis lies in the integration of advanced technologies, such as component-resolved diagnostics, into clinical practice. This need for further research should instill a sense of urgency and emphasize the importance of efforts to enhance patient outcomes and optimize allergy management strategies.
faculty of medical laboratory science- Clinical Biochemistry Department
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalla E. Ali; Baraa A. Eltoum; Alneil M. Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of Serum Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Calcium Levels among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Baghdad
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that arise from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Essential metal elements (EMEs), including copper, zinc, iron, and calcium, support brain development, support neuronal communication, and maintain normal metabolic activity. Any increase or decrease in these elements may play a role in the development of ASD and ADHD. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, and calcium with ASD and ADHD. Moreover, to compare these levels among children with ASD, ADHD, combined ASD plus ADHD, and healthy controls. Methods: A case-control study was carried out at the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, between March and September 2025. In total, 200 children aged 2–15 years were included and divided into four groups: Controls (n = 40), ADHD (n = 30), ASD (n = 57), and ASD + ADHD (n = 73). Five ml of venous blood from each child was dispensed into a gel tube to estimate zinc, copper, iron, and calcium. Assessment of inorganic elements zinc and copper was performed by Flam atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) while iron and calcium was performed by spectrophotometer. Results: Serum zinc levels were significantly lower in all patient groups compared with the controls. Copper levels were significantly higher, particularly in the ADHD and ASD + ADHD groups. Serum calcium showed no significant differences among the groups. Serum iron levels were significantly reduced only in ADHD group. Conclusion: Reduced zinc and iron levels, together with elevated copper, may contribute to neurodevelopmental disturbances in ASD and ADHD. Monitoring and correcting trace-element imbalance could support better clinical outcomes in affected children.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed S. Swadi, Hedef. EI-Yassin, Mushtaq T. Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of Interleukin-1 Beta and Interleukin 8 in Acne Pathogenesis: A Serum-Based Severity Assessment
Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a skin disorder affecting both sexes, starting at adolescence, and might continue into late adulthood. It is represented by a flare-up of nodular and postural lesions. Acne vulgaris patients with severe presentation suffer the consequences of skin scarring and disfigurement. Both Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a significant role in acne pathogenesis and disease progression. Objectives: To assess the serum level of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 8 in acne patients and see how it correlates with the severity of the disease. Methods: It was a case–control study conducted from October 2024 to March 2025, with 60 acne vulgaris patients divided into two groups, mild and severe, with ages ranging from 14 to 25 years. The patients were seen in the Dermatology Center, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, The Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. Thirty healthy individuals of both sexes of similar age groups to the patients were recruited as controls in this study. A detailed history was taken, and clinical examination was performed on all the participants. For each participant, IL-1β and IL-8 were measured using the Enzyme‑Linked Immunosorbent Assay method and the results were statistically analyzed and tabulated. Results: The difference between the control and patient groups in regard to IL-1β and the difference between the patient groups themselves were not significant. Regarding IL-8, there was a significant difference between the control and patient groups and between the control and severe groups, while the difference between patient groups was highly significant. Conclusion: Blood quantification of Interleukin 8 proved useful in trying to assess the severity of acne vulgaris, while serum Interleukin 1 beta levels proved to be of no value in assessing the severity of Acne vulgaris.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ihsan W. AL-Husseinawi, Haifaa S. Al-Hadithi, Adil A. Noaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Correlation of Serum levels of Chromium, Copper, and Manganese with the Glucose levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraq
Background: The metabolism of many trace elements, such as chromium, copper, and manganese, was reported to be altered in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This element may have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. Objectives: To evaluate the serum levels of copper, chromium, and manganese in type 2 diabetic patients in Iraq. Methods: This case-control study included 100 type 2 diabetic patients, 35-60 years old, with high BMI as cases, and 100 non-diabetic subjects as controls who were healthy volunteers not suffering from type 2 diabetes (staff and students). The data was collected from October 2022 until January 2023. The cases were seen in the Diabetes Consultation Unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City. Serum chromium, copper, and manganese were measured using atomic absorption. ELISA was used to test for insulin. spectrophotometry to measure glucose and HPLC was used to measure whole-blood HbA1c. Insulin resistance was calculated using the semi-empirical formula: HOMA-IR = glucose * insulin / 405 (glucose in mg/dl). To test for the difference between means of numerical data across several parameters, ANOVA tests were utilized. Pearson’s. correlation was used to test the correlation between variables. Results: Diabetics had higher HbA1c, serum copper, and blood glucose than healthy controls. Compared to controls, diabetics had lower serum chromium and manganese (P value < 0.01). In diabetics, chromium and manganese are highly negatively correlated with insulin resistance. Copper levels increase with increasing insulin resistance. Insulin levels were greater in type 2 diabetics (18.6 ± 4.1 mlU/L) than in the control (6.2 ± 1.3). Conclusions: Serum copper was high while serum chromium and manganese were low in type 2 diabetics. which indicates that these elements may have a role in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed Z. Khamees & Hedef D. Al-Yassin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Impact of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seed Extracts against some Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has demonstrated a need to develop and use alternative antimicrobial agents. There has been a growing interest in medicinal plants and herbs and their extracts. Objective: To identify the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed against multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial isolates (Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii). Methods: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared from the seeds of the Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to identify the active compounds in the extracts. They were tested against multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates that produce biofilms (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), namely Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, which were isolated from Iraqi patients in Baghdad Medical City Hospitals (including Burns Specialized Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and Al-Shahid Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialties), Al Kadimyia Teaching Hospital, and Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, from October 2023 to March 2024. Result: The current study has proved that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Fenugreek seeds were effective as antibacterial and anti-biofilm against the studied bacterial isolates, in all the tested concentrations, with significant differences. The study also showed that the aqueous extract of Fenugreek was more effective as an anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm than the alcoholic extract. The aqueous extract demonstrated high inhibitory activity, ranging from 52.9% to 97.5%, while the inhibition of the alcoholic extract varied from 56.0% to 99.5%. Conclusion: The present study supports the use of fenugreek seed extract to treat pathogenic bacteria that have developed a resistance to antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2025 zahraa A. Zamil & Huda S. A. AL-Hayanni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Indispensable Role of Immunohistochemistry in Differentiating Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Background: Many characteristics between benign and malignant prostatic tumor which considered similar that make the diagnosis defaults in spacemen of the tumor. The immunohistochemical procedure can improves conventional tumor morphology by identifying lineage- and tumor-associated proteins or markers, facilitating confirmation of prostate origin and distinguish between benign and malignancy tumors. Objectives: This review highlights the pivotal role of immunohistochemistry in differentiating Prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia by evaluating both positive and negative tissue markers. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using methodological features to evaluate immunohistochemistry in distinguishing prostate cancer from benign PROSTATIC hyperplasia. You know what? Databases examined (2000–2025) consisted of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, using prostate cancer-related terms, terms and BPH and IHC markers, including AMACR, ERG, PSA, NKX3.1, and p63. And or, Studies that were non-IHC and non-human subjects were , were excluded. Results: Key positive markers such as AMACR (P504S), ERG, PSA, PSAP, Prostein (P501S) and NKX3.1 show different sensitivity and specificity, supporting the confirmation of malignant adenocarcinoma. Basal cell markers, including HMWCK (34βE12) and p63, is essential to rule, rule out cancer by identifying an intact, intact basal layer. Prognostic markers such as Ki-67, p53, PTEN and MYC provide additional insight into tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome. Multimarker approaches improve diagnostic confidence and help distinguish prostate cancer from mimics such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, urothelial carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The precise diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and treatment planning in prostate pathology are greatly improved by this approach. Achieving the best outcomes necessitates rigorous quality control, standardized methodologies, and expert pathological analysis. Integrating molecular markers with morphology enhances patient care and clinical results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Hassan T. Waly, Abed H. Baraaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Vitamin D and the Pathogenesis of Primary Hypothyroidism
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders and autoimmune diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and the pathogenesis of primary hypothyroidism. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, and Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic. The study involved 81 patients aged 29-62 years, with 24 newly diagnosed hypothyroidism, 33 had established hypothyroidism, and 24 had subclinical hypothyroidism. The control group consisted of 40 healthy individuals aged 29-62 years. The study used the MAGLUMI® 800 analyzer Chemiluminescence Immunoassay System, which uses Acridinium Ester-based Immunoassay technology for high sensitivity and specificity (True Negative Rate). Thyroid peroxidase antibodies and 25- hydroxyvitamin D were also tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique. Results: The results revealed that the median and 1st -3rd quartile range values of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels of newly diagnosed, established, and subclinical primary hypothyroidism were significantly decreased compared to controls (for all, p<0.0001). However, there were non-significant differences between newly diagnosed and subclinical, newly diagnosed and established, and between subclinical and established. There was a significant negative correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and thyroid stimulating hormone in newly diagnosed and significant positive correlation in subclinical. Also, there were significant positive correlations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and freeT4 in established and subclinical. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary hypothyroidism, whether it is a newly diagnosed, established, or subclinical one.
قصور الغدة الدرقية، TSH في المصل، 25 (OH) D، فيتامين د.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abbas S Jebur , Basil S. Oied, Omar F. Al Azzawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Vascular Pain: A Narrative Review on Venous Leg Ulcers
Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect 1-3% of the population and impose substantial pain-related morbidity, yet vascular pain remains underrecognized in clinical practice and research. Objectives: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies for VLU-associated pain. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (January 2015-July 2025) following SANRA guidelines. Search terms included "vascular pain", "venous leg ulcer", "chronic venous disease" and related terminology. Studies addressing pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions were included. Results: VLU pain demonstrates complex pathophysiology encompassing nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic components driven by venous hypertension, chronic inflammation, and central sensitization. Pain prevalence ranges from 50-87% in VLU patients, significantly impacting quality of life and functional status. Evidence supports a five-strategy management framework: (1) treating underlying venous pathology through early ablation, (2) optimized compression therapy achieving ~40 mmHg ankle interface pressure, (3) procedure-specific local anesthesia using topical agents, (4) multimodal systemic analgesia targeting neuropathic features, and (5) adjunctive venoactive drugs. Patient-reported outcome measures reveal substantial psychosocial burden beyond wound-related symptoms. Conclusion: VLU pain represents a distinct clinical entity requiring mechanism-based, multidisciplinary approaches. Early venous intervention, evidence-based compression protocols, and targeted analgesic strategies show promise for improving outcomes. Critical research gaps include dedicated pain-focused clinical trials, standardized outcome measures, and personalized treatment algorithms. Enhanced recognition and systematic management of vascular pain could substantially improve patient-centered outcomes in chronic venous disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Giustino Varrassi, Matteo Luigi Giuseppe Leoni, Giacomo Farì, Annalisa Caruso, Ameen A. Al-Alwany, Tran Van Y, Phong Van Pham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Arrestin Beta-2 in Prostate Cancer and its Relationship with Trace Elements
Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent non-cutaneous malignancy and the second-leading cause of cancer-relatedmortality among males. Cancer is just one of the several disorders that may be linked to variations in trace element concentrations. Objective: To evaluate serum arrestin β-2 as a prostate cancer tumor marker and its association with trace elements. Methods: This case- control study was carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad and at the Urology department, Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialities during the period from March 2022 to May 2023. In this case-control study 120 males were enrolled: Sixty men with newly diagnosed primary prostate cancer (PCa) and 60 healthy men as controls. Blood samples were tested for arrestin β-2 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and trace element levels, including Zinc, Copper, and Manganese, were measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Arrestin β-2 levels differed significantly between the control group and PCa patients. The serum copper level was significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. Zinc and manganese levels were significantly higher in the controls compared to the patients. Conclusion: It can be concluded that high arrestin β-2 and Copper levels and low Zinc and Manganese levels may serve as potential biomarkers for patients with prostatic Adenocarcinoma.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inaam H. Kadhim, Rawaa H. Ali, Mohammed B. Ismaeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Prevalence of Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Iraqi Patients with Burns at Al-Nasiriya Hospital
Background: Burn injuries disrupt skin barriers and weaken immune defenses, predisposing patients to opportunistic, drug-resistant Gram-negative infections. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in burn care settings. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, pattern as well as clinical significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with burns. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2024 to April 2025. One hundred and fifty clinical samples from burn patients were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. Identification of isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics and isolate distribution (frequencies, percentages). Inferential analysis was performed using Fisher’s Exact Test to examine associations between infection timing (early vs late) and key clinical variables (e.g., pathogen type and resistance profiles); a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data on infection timing, patient demographics, and clinical presentation were analyzed to determine high-risk periods and patterns. Results: Eighty isolates were recovered: P. aeruginosa (n=48), A. baumannii (n=19), and 13 cases of co-infection. A distinct peak in P. aeruginosa infections occurred between days 21–30 of hospitalization, marking a critical nosocomial transmission phase. Gender variation in A. baumannii was noted, with females infected earlier and males later in the hospital stay. Bloodstream infections represented 40% of cases, with P. aeruginosa significantly more prevalent than A. baumannii (P<0.05). A baumannii showed complete resistance to imipenem, tobramycin, and netilmicin. P. aeruginosa demonstrated 100% resistance to tobramycin and netilmicin, and over 97% resistance to ofloxacin and aztreonam. Both pathogens retained full sensitivity to colistin and polymyxin B. Conclusion: Burn patients face a high risk of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii infections, especially in the third and fourth weeks of hospitalization. Early detection, strict infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship are essential to improve outcomes and reduce mortality in burn units.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khudher K. Khudher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Impact of Obesity on Serum Copeptin Distribution Among Iraqi Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Background: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune illness that can be triggered by both hereditary and environmental factors. There are crucial roles for the neuroendocrine system in initiating autoreactive immunity at this stage. Copeptin is a promising inflammatory marker that has the potential to be employed as a prognostic factor in several disorders, particularly those affecting the central nervous system. Objectives: In this research, we attempted to evaluate the relation of serum copeptin concentrations with weight increment in Iraqi patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A cohort of sixty Iraqi patients with multiple sclerosis took part in this study and were classified equally into three groups: obese group, overweight group, and normal-weight group. The serum lipid profile was estimated using a Biosystem kit, while serum copeptin was estimated using ELISA kit. Results: Serum copeptin levels were higher in obese as well as overweight MS patients compared to MS patients with normal weight (170.7±29, 160±27.8 vs. 149.3±25.9) pg/ml, respectively. Also, it showed a significant positive correlation with body mass index, serum triglycerides and serum very low-density lipoprotein in overweight MS patients. Conclusion: Iraqi multiple sclerosis patients who have excess body weight have higher levels of serum copeptin when compared to those MS patients with normal weight. The positive significant correlation of serum copeptin with body mass index, serum triglycerides, and serum low-density lipoprotein among overweight MS patients may indicate a vital role of copeptin as a neuroendocrine in the adipose dysfunction and related diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suzan A. Hamza, Namir I. Haddad, Gheyath H. AL Gawwam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparison between the Effects of Hypertension on Diabetic Mellitus with Endothelin Function
both strongly associated with vascular and metabolic complications. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a key role in vascular tone regulation and endothelial function. Objective: To evaluate serum Endothelin-1 levels, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides), and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension compared with healthy controls, in order to assess their association with vascular injury and metabolic risk. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. Between November 2024 and February 2025, a sample of patients were recruited from Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Ibn Al-Bitar Center for Cardiac Surgery Hospital. A study on 180 adult males (aged 40–50 years), divided into three groups: 60 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Group A), 60 with essential hypertension (Group B), and 60 healthy controls (Group C). Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for measurement of HbA1c, lipid profile, and Endothelin-1 using a Sandwich-ELISA kit. Results: Significant differences were observed among the three groups. Group A showed markedly higher HbA1c, triglycerides, and VLDL-C, along with significantly lower HDL-C compared with Groups B and C. Both Groups A and B had significantly elevated total cholesterol and LDL-C compared with controls. Endothelin-1 levels were significantly higher in diabetics than in hypertensive patients and controls. Conclusion: Both diabetes and hypertension impair metabolic health, with diabetes showing more severe effects on lipid metabolism and glycemic control. Elevated endothelin-1 levels in diabetics may contribute to increased vascular risk, highlighting the need for early metabolic monitoring and intervention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haider K. Al-Haddad, Shifaa I. Jameel, Ameen A. Al-Alwany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Characterization of Gram-positive Bacteria Isolated from Gallstones of Iraqi Patients
Background: Gallstone disease is a major global health problem, the prevalence of which depends on metabolic, genetic, and infectious factors. Recent reports point out that Gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species, are also involved in the development of gallstones via enzyme action and biofilm formation. Objectives: To characterize Gram-positive bacteria within gallstones from Iraqi patients, evaluate their biofilm-forming capacity, and analyze the relationship between bacterial colonization, gallstone type, as well as cholesterol levels. Methods: A total of 100 gallstones were obtained from 100 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy between October 2024 and March 2025. Stones were aseptically processed for bacterial isolation and identification using selective culture media and the VITEK® 2 Compact System. Serum cholesterol levels were determined by enzymatic colorimetric assay. Biofilm formation was quantified via the 96-well microtiter plate method, and statistical correlations between gallstone type, cholesterol level, and bacterial presence were analyzed. Chi-square assessed the association between gallstone type and bacterial count, while Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tested differences in study variables. Results: Cholesterol stones were more prevalent than pigment and mixed stones (57%, 40%, 3%), respectively. Bacterial growth was observed in 43% of gallstones, with Enterococcus species (31 isolates) predominating over S. aureus (12 isolates). Species-level identification revealed E. faecalis (n= 16), E. faecium (n= 9), and E. gallinarum (n= 6), marking the first reported isolation of E. gallinarum from gallstones. Cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in sterile stones (median 235 mg/dl) compared to bacteria-positive stones (173-186 mg/dl). Biofilm analysis showed all S. aureus isolates as strong producers, whereas E. faecalis exhibited predominantly moderate-to-strong formation, while E. faecium and E. gallinarum displayed weaker capacities. Conclusion: There is a significant interplay between microbial colonization and gallstone composition. Strong biofilm-producing Gram-positive bacteria, particularly S. aureus and E. faecalis, may facilitate stone maturation and persistence. The novel isolation of E. gallinarum expands the spectrum of biliary microbiota.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed M. Naji, Sameer A. Alash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Circulating B-cell activating Factor in Multiple Myeloma Patients and its Correlations with Serum Levels of β2-Microglobulin and Interleukin-6
Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. In most patients, monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chains or light chains are produced and are associated with organ dysfunction. The growth factor B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma due to its ability to promote B-cell survival, expansion, and differentiation. Objective: to measure the circulatory level of B-cell activating factor in multiple myeloma patients in relapsed and remission states and explore its possible correlations with the clinical staging, β2-microglobulin, and interleukin-6. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 60 multiple myeloma patients with 30 in remission and 30 in relapse, as well as 20 healthy individuals serving as a control group. The study was conducted in the Hematology department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the Medical City Complex from January to September 2020. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to measure plasma levels of B-cell activating factor, β2-microglobulin, and interleukin-6. Results: The B-cell activating factor levels were significantly higher in multiple myeloma patients compared to the control, and in relapsed patients compared to those in remission. The level of B-cell activating factor increased with advanced disease, in both remission and relapsed states. There are positive correlations with β2-microglobulin and interleukin-6 levels in both relapsed and remission states, respectively. Conclusion: Increased B-cell activating factor level in relapse more than remission states is a useful biomarker of disease activity in multiple myeloma and has positive correlations with β2-microglobulin and interleukin-6 levels.
:ورم النقي المتعدد, BAFF, IL-6, β2M, المرحلة السريرية
Copyright (c) 2025 Wafaa F. Sahib, Haithem A. Al-Rubaie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Determination of Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 and Fetuin-A Levels as Excellent Predictive Factors in Iraqi Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a significant contributor to end-stage renal failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by tubular atrophy, glomerular dilation, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and proteinuria, resulting in deterioration of kidney function. DN, primarily caused by hyperglycemia, accounts for millions of deaths globally and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 is an enzyme essential for the breakdown of extracellular matrix constituents. Fetuin-A forms soluble complexes with calcium and phosphate to prevent soft tissue mineralization Objectives: To determine the levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 and Fetuin-A in Iraqi patients with DN, as these factors are considered excellent predictors for early detection. Methods: The current study was conducted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital / Medical City between August and December 2024, involving 143 males and females aged 35–65 years, divided into four groups based on the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) criteria. They were: 35 cases of normoalbuminuria, 33 cases of microalbuminuria, 35 cases of macroalbuminuria, and 40 healthy individuals as controls. Auto spectrophotometer techniques were used to estimate uric acid levels and lipid profiles. HbA1c was measured by the I-chroma device, and serum levels of Fetuin-A and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-10) were measured using an ELISA assay. Results: The results indicated that Fetuin-A levels (234.3±3.11, 270.1±3.91, 356.7±13.11, 110.6±4.22) and matrix metalloproteinase levels (316.5± 10.11, 523.3± 17.01, 522.3±19.61, 209.5±10.12) were significantly higher in the patient groups relative to the control group. Additionally, all patients indicated increased levels of triglycerides and cholesterol compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Matrix Metalloproteinase 10 and Fetuin-A are significant prognostic indicators for predicting the first signs of diabetic nephropathy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba H. Ismail, Kadhim K. Ghudhaib, Ali A. Dyab Allawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Beta-Endorphin and Serotonin Levels in Individuals with Methamphetamine use Disorder
Background: Alterations in the levels of beta-endorphins and serotonin are heavily involved in the mood dysregulation regularly observed in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder, with lower levels of these neurotransmitters contributing to mood disturbances commonly seen in addiction. Such neurochemical imbalances may also disrupt normal mood regulation pathways, leading to the emotional and psychological challenges often experienced by individuals struggling with addiction. Objective: To investigate the relationship between beta-endorphin and serotonin levels in individuals with methamphetamine addiction, and to evaluate their potential roles in mood regulation and addiction-related behaviors. Methods: This observational study assessed the serum levels of beta-endorphin and serotonin in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder compared to healthy controls. Fifty patients with confirmed methamphetamine use disorder and fifty matched healthy individuals were recruited. ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to measure serum serotonin and beta-endorphin levels. Research permission was obtained with ethical approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee. Results: The results showed significantly lower levels of both neurotransmitters in the addiction group with mean ± SD (11.84 ± 3.64) of beta endorphin and means of 10.28 ± 3.21, of serotonin. A strong positive correlation between serotonin and beta-endorphin was also noted. These findings suggest a critical role of these neurochemicals in the mood disturbances associated with methamphetamine addiction. Conclusion: Mood regulation and addictive behaviors in methamphetamine addiction were impacted by changes in beta-endorphin and serotonin levels. Understanding these neurochemical changes help to develop more effective treatments for changes in mood and addictive behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor H. Talib, Maysaa J. Majeed , Maher M. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Observational Study of the Multisciplinaryteam role (MDT) on Healthcare Management of Cancer Patients: Benefits and Barriers, AbuDhabi 2017
Background: Multidisciplinary team meetings (MDTs) are designed to optimize patient outcomes. It appears intuitive that MDTs are essential to clinical decision - making and patient management; however, it is unclear whether that belief is supported by evidence. With regard to cancer patients, studies demonstrated that treatment plans made by interacting health care professionals are more effective than those made by individual practitioners. Objectives: To assess the impact of multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) on clinical decision - making and patient outcomes. Methods: We follow a descriptive questionnaire survey study design and created a (10) sections surveymonkey that was distributed via email to (150) experts in surgical oncology, general surgery, oncology, radiation oncology, pathologists, and administrative staff. Fourty (40) completed responses were collected to ensure a statistical basis on which to draw sound conclusions. The remaining 110 staff have submitted incomplete answers. Answers were discussed in a separate MDT meeting with most of the participants.The survey was followed by an interpretation of the respondents’ results and comparison with literatures. Results: 75% of the participants chose” Agree and strongly agree”, supporting the hypothesis that MDT meetings ensure an effective and up-to- date management guidelines. This means that the risk of not discussing a cancer patient cannot be neglected any longer. So the hypothesis statement (H0) is rejected and the alternative statement (Ha) is accepted. Conclusions: The majority of participants saw the value in the MDT process and expressed support for its implementation locally and nationally; however, feedback about the most appropriate format is yet to be established. The clinicians identified the need for agreed standards in MDT performance
MDT, Multidisciplinary team meetings MDM, MDC ,cancer care
Copyright (c) 2019 Ibtisam Hussein Al Obaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene SNP BsmI (1544410) with Axial Spondyloarthritis in Iraqi Patients Treated with Infliximab
Background: Axial spondyloarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder driven by tumor necrosis factor alpha and the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 pathway. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors such as infliximab improve outcomes, but responses vary, suggesting genetic influences; vitamin D receptor polymorphisms—particularly BsmI ( rs1544410) may modulate disease activity and therapeutic response. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between the VDR BsmI polymorphism and disease activity, as well as infliximab treatment response in patients with Axial spondyloarthritis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 AxSpA patients (108 males, 42 females) receiving infliximab for at least three months. VDR BsmI genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP. The study took place at the Rheumatology Clinics of Baghdad Hospital, Medical City, Iraq, with ethical approval from the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, odds ratio estimation, and Pearson correlation, with significance defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results: BsmI genotype distribution was AA (28%), AG (46%), and GG (26%), with allele frequencies of 51% (A) and 49% (G). No significant association was found between BsmI polymorphism and infliximab duration. However, a significant association was observed with disease activity (p = 0.008). The AA and AG genotypes were also significantly associated with male gender (p = 0.01). No significant correlations were found with other clinical features including inflammatory back pain, Urinary tract infection , enthesitis, uveitis, dactylitis, psoriasis, or colitis. Conclusion: The GG genotType was linked to an increased likelihood of inactive disease, while the AA genotype was associated with an increased risk of low disease activity. These findings suggest VDR BsmI polymorphism may influence AxSpA disease activity and response to infliximab
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah H. Drewil, Manal K. Rasheed, Nizar A. Jassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The role of Chloroquine phosphate on rheumatoid factor in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is disorder of diarthrodial joints characterized clinically by pain and functional limitation. Rheumatoid factor (RF) represents one of routine laboratory tests that done for all patients have joint complaints. Chloroquine phosphate (CQP) is a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used for patients suffer from knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in order to reduce their RF value and improves the disease status. Objective: To evaluate the effect of chloroquine phosphate on rheumatoid factor (RF) level in serum of patients with knee osteoarthritis KOA) Design: case report. Subjects and methods: RF value were assessed quantitatively by ELISA technique before and after treatmtnt for a total of fifty five patients with KOA (30 femal and 25 male) their age ranged from (50-66 years) selected randomly from out patient clinic in Baghdad Teaching Hospital , Medical City Baghdad; suffering from KOA. All patients were treated with oral dosage form of CQP for one month twice daily. Results: Mean serum RF level was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in serum of patients after treatment with CQP for one month. Conclusion:CQP is a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used for patients suffering from KOA in order to reduce their RF value and improves the disease status.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of p27kip1 in the Aggressiveness of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Clinicopathological Analysis
Background: Cell-cycle-regulating proteins, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1, have been researched in different malignancies, including thyroid carcinoma, and their association with tumor aggressiveness and recurrence has been examined in many tumors. Objective: This research aimed to examine the clinicopathological relevance of reduced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma and its association with the clinicopathological parameters indicative of papillary thyroid carcinoma aggressiveness. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained from histologically confirmed cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed between June 2022 and June 2023 at the National Center for Teaching Laboratories, Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 60 papillary thyroid carcinoma samples were included in the study. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess the expression of the p27 protein. The study further evaluated the association between cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression and various clinicopathological parameters, including patients’ age, sex, papillary thyroid carcinoma subtypes, tumor size, capsular invasion, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. Results: A decrease in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 of less than 10% was observed in 37 out of 60 cases (61.7%). The correlation with clinicopathological parameters revealed a significant decrease in expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 associated with female sex, classical variant PTC, infiltrative tumors, large tumor size (2-2.5 cm), and multifocal lesions. Conclusion: Reduced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1; (<10%) was observed at a relatively high rate in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A significant correlation was found between decreased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression and several clinicopathological features, including infiltrative pattern tumors, large tumor size, and multifocality. These findings suggest that reduced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression may be linked to more aggressive tumor behaviour and could potentially serve as a prognostic marker in PTC.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1
دور بروتين p27kip1في عدوانية سرطان الغدة الدرقية الحليمي: تحليل سريري مرضي.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wafaa K. Ibrahim, khitam R. Al-khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Substance Abuse Among Medical Students in Baghdad: An Updated Concise Descriptive Study
Background: Substance abuse can be defined briefly as the excessive and continuous consumption of psychoactive substances without medical supervision, leading to dependence and adverse health consequences. Substance abuse is an escalating and surging public health challenge in Iraq. Objectives: To assess the frequency of substance abuse among a large group of senior undergraduate medical students and to identify the associated factors. Methods: A convenience sample of 388 senior medical students from the College of Medicine/ University of Baghdad during April 2023 took part in this study. Itemployed a modified electronic version of the Drug Addiction Survey Questionnaire (DAST-20) with “yes or no” responses through the college's website anonymously. The survey format included questions about the type, quantity, and duration of abuse, the respondent’s gender and the causes of abuse. Three more questions about the use of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine were added to the 20 original questions. This study was affiliated with the Department of Community Medicine Results: Out of the 388 respondents, 212 students (54.6%) met the criteria for substance abuse according to the study tool. The substances reported to be used included caffeine beverages 94 (24.2%), tobacco (nicotine) 48 (12.3%), Benzodiazepines 23 (5.9%), over-the-counter (OTC) medicines 21 (5.4%), and steroids 8 (2%). Males reported greater rates of substance abuse for nicotine and illicit substances compared to females. Females had higher substance use rates for caffeine at the Baghdad College of Medicine. Conclusion: The incidence of drug abuse among medical students in Baghdad is rather high, given their level of education and adherence to religious and cultural norms. Coffee, tobacco, and OTC were the most consumed substances, while steroids and sedatives were the least. The use of illegal drugs is higher than before. Tension, anxiety, and depression seem to be the justification
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha S. Younis, Ashraf A. Ahmed Jassim, Huda W. Ibrahim, Asala A. Khuraisan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/