Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad
Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad (J Fac Med Baghdad) is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly (April, July, October, and December) by the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. The Journal provides an Open Journal System powered by PKP as a communication platform for researchers, physicians, and medical workers in different aspects of medicine and basic medical sciences worldwide. It accepts original articles, review articles, case reports, letters to the editor, short communications, and editorials in all fields relevant to medicine. Historically, this journal is the first medical journal in the Middle East. The journal was established in December 1935 under the name (The Journal of the Royal Faculty of Medicine of ‘Iraq) by the Royal Medical College (founded at the end of 1927). The first five volumes were published only in Arabic and approved by the council of the college as a general journal dealing with the news of the college and a few scientific articles to encourage the teaching staff for research publication. It disseminated official information on the progress of the health sector and strengthened the link between the medical family in Iraq and the health authorities. In addition to the Arabic section that contained official information of the medical family, an English section was launched in 1941. The English section contained research dealing with all the medical facts and discoveries that were relevant to the country in order to combat communicable and endemic diseases in the Kingdom of Iraq. The publication continued until the end of 1957, when it had to be discontinued due to a shortage of material. In 1959, Prof. Dr. Faisal Al-Sabih became the journal's editor-in-chief, restructured the journal, changed its name to The Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad, and used a new scientific system to publish articles. A new series began in January 1959. According to this, time for research and facilities were being available for staff members. A section introducing the activities and achievements of various school departments was included. The journal supplied useful reading for the Iraqi medical profession and conveyed to colleagues abroad to better understand the activities that had hitherto rarely been available outside Iraq. The journal has continued to be published regularly without interruption (four issues during the year). The journal became registered with the International Number (ISSN) in 2000 and entered many important international indexes. After 2003, the journal continued despite the difficulties involved in every aspect of the country. By the beginning of 2004, the journal had progressed through a series of changes to reach a level recognized internationally. In 2018, the journal became published online with the same edited issues. The founders of the journal, whether Iraqis or other nationalities who contributed to managing this journal and publishing it, have chronicled the periods of development of medicine in Iraq, taking into consideration that the research that was published in it was receiving global echo as it was a rich source for foreigners, researchers, and many of their articles and dissertations on researchers published in this journal.
College of Medicine- University of Baghdad
The Role of p27kip1 in the Aggressiveness of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Clinicopathological Analysis
Background: Cell-cycle-regulating proteins, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1, have been researched in different malignancies, including thyroid carcinoma, and their association with tumor aggressiveness and recurrence has been examined in many tumors. Objective: This research aimed to examine the clinicopathological relevance of reduced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma and its association with the clinicopathological parameters indicative of papillary thyroid carcinoma aggressiveness. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were obtained from histologically confirmed cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed between June 2022 and June 2023 at the National Center for Teaching Laboratories, Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 60 papillary thyroid carcinoma samples were included in the study. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess the expression of the p27 protein. The study further evaluated the association between cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression and various clinicopathological parameters, including patients’ age, sex, papillary thyroid carcinoma subtypes, tumor size, capsular invasion, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. Results: A decrease in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 of less than 10% was observed in 37 out of 60 cases (61.7%). The correlation with clinicopathological parameters revealed a significant decrease in expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 associated with female sex, classical variant PTC, infiltrative tumors, large tumor size (2-2.5 cm), and multifocal lesions. Conclusion: Reduced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1; (<10%) was observed at a relatively high rate in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A significant correlation was found between decreased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression and several clinicopathological features, including infiltrative pattern tumors, large tumor size, and multifocality. These findings suggest that reduced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B p27kip1 expression may be linked to more aggressive tumor behaviour and could potentially serve as a prognostic marker in PTC.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1
دور بروتين p27kip1في عدوانية سرطان الغدة الدرقية الحليمي: تحليل سريري مرضي.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wafaa K. Ibrahim, khitam R. Al-khafaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Substance Abuse Among Medical Students in Baghdad: An Updated Concise Descriptive Study
Background: Substance abuse can be defined briefly as the excessive and continuous consumption of psychoactive substances without medical supervision, leading to dependence and adverse health consequences. Substance abuse is an escalating and surging public health challenge in Iraq. Objectives: To assess the frequency of substance abuse among a large group of senior undergraduate medical students and to identify the associated factors. Methods: A convenience sample of 388 senior medical students from the College of Medicine/ University of Baghdad during April 2023 took part in this study. Itemployed a modified electronic version of the Drug Addiction Survey Questionnaire (DAST-20) with “yes or no” responses through the college's website anonymously. The survey format included questions about the type, quantity, and duration of abuse, the respondent’s gender and the causes of abuse. Three more questions about the use of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine were added to the 20 original questions. This study was affiliated with the Department of Community Medicine Results: Out of the 388 respondents, 212 students (54.6%) met the criteria for substance abuse according to the study tool. The substances reported to be used included caffeine beverages 94 (24.2%), tobacco (nicotine) 48 (12.3%), Benzodiazepines 23 (5.9%), over-the-counter (OTC) medicines 21 (5.4%), and steroids 8 (2%). Males reported greater rates of substance abuse for nicotine and illicit substances compared to females. Females had higher substance use rates for caffeine at the Baghdad College of Medicine. Conclusion: The incidence of drug abuse among medical students in Baghdad is rather high, given their level of education and adherence to religious and cultural norms. Coffee, tobacco, and OTC were the most consumed substances, while steroids and sedatives were the least. The use of illegal drugs is higher than before. Tension, anxiety, and depression seem to be the justification
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha S. Younis, Ashraf A. Ahmed Jassim, Huda W. Ibrahim, Asala A. Khuraisan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Impact of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seed Extracts against some Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria
Background: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has demonstrated a need to develop and use alternative antimicrobial agents. There has been a growing interest in medicinal plants and herbs and their extracts. Objective: To identify the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed against multidrug-resistant clinical bacterial isolates (Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii). Methods: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared from the seeds of the Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to identify the active compounds in the extracts. They were tested against multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates that produce biofilms (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), namely Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, which were isolated from Iraqi patients in Baghdad Medical City Hospitals (including Burns Specialized Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and Al-Shahid Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialties), Al Kadimyia Teaching Hospital, and Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, from October 2023 to March 2024. Result: The current study has proved that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Fenugreek seeds were effective as antibacterial and anti-biofilm against the studied bacterial isolates, in all the tested concentrations, with significant differences. The study also showed that the aqueous extract of Fenugreek was more effective as an anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm than the alcoholic extract. The aqueous extract demonstrated high inhibitory activity, ranging from 52.9% to 97.5%, while the inhibition of the alcoholic extract varied from 56.0% to 99.5%. Conclusion: The present study supports the use of fenugreek seed extract to treat pathogenic bacteria that have developed a resistance to antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2025 zahraa A. Zamil & Huda S. A. AL-Hayanni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparison of the effects of intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid Versus Methyl Prednisolone Acetate in Iraqi patients with Knee Osteoarthritis; A Double-Blind Controlled Study
ABSTRACT : Background: Osteoarthritis is a prevalent chronic joint condition that occurs when the cartilage, which acts as a low-friction surface between the joints, deteriorates, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling. There has been controversy about the effectiveness and tolerability of corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid, and about the superiority of one over the other in treating OA. Objective current study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid (HA) and methylprednisolone (MP) in the treatment of OA. Methods: One hundred and four patients with OA were randomized to receive intra-articular injection of either HA or MP, and they were followed for 3 months. Each patient from each group received a single injection at the time of enrollment. The participants and the evaluator were blinded to the nature of the injected material. The primary outcomes were to measure the change from baseline in Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index and visual analogue pain scale, and to record any treatment-related adverse events. Results: there were 49 females and 3 males in the HA group (mean age 59 ± 15.5) and 46 females and 6 males in the MP group (mean age 63 ± 15.5). Both groups demonstrated improvements in WOMAC and VAS scores throughout the follow-up period. The effect size for WOMAC and VAS scores favored HA over MP from month 2 to month 3 (P < 0.05). Both interventions were relatively safe, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: the results showed that both interventions are effective in relieving pain and improving knee stiffness and physical function. Furthermore, the current study showed that the most important difference between the two interventions is the duration of effectiveness. The benefit of HA was maintained to 3 months while that of MP declined after 1 month.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed J. Ibraheem, Mohammed AH. AL- Zobaidy, Sami S. AlTekreeti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Correlation of Subfatin and Vitamin D3 in Obese and Normal Weight PCOS Patients
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine problem affecting women with an estimated global prevalence of 9%, due to inherited and environmental causes. PCOS mainly impacts women aged 15-35 years, and women who are at their earliest or final period of pregnancy. Subfatin is a newly identified hormone that controls metabolism and is thought to be a biomarker for PCOS and metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D3 has an important function in the development of PCOS. Objective: To explore the effect of obesity on Subfatin and D3 levels, and the impact of the pathophysiology of PCOS on Subfatin and D3 levels. Methods: The total number of participants was 120: 80 females with PCOS, divided to 40 obese and 40 normal-weight, and 40 healthy females (controls). The current investigation was carried out from July to December 2024 at Kamal Al-Samarrai hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the subfatin serum levels. Body mass index, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, estrogen, D3, and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were all assessed. The data were examined with the origin lab software version 25. The study groups were compared using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Serum levels of subfatin, waist circumference, LH, estrogen, and testosterone were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in PCOS women compared to the control group. FSH besides the D3 levels was lower in PCOS cases than in healthy females. Conclusion: High levels of subfatin and low vitamin D3 levels might be implicated in the fundamental mechanisms of PCOS, irrespective of body weight.
Copyright (c) 2025 Walaa N. Abdulwahid, Reem M. Obaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Proenkephalin-A as a Biomarker for Type 2 Diabetes in Women with Thyroid Disorders
Background: The thyroid is a vital endocrine gland that regulates growth, metabolism, and development. Thyroid dysfunction (TD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two prevalent endocrine disorders with overlapping pathophysiological features. Objective: To investigate the potential role of proenkephalin-A (PENK-A) as a diagnostic and predictive biomarker for type 2 diabetes in women with thyroid dysfunction. Methods: A total of 130 women aged 25–55 years were enrolled in the study, including 100 patients with thyroid disorders and 30 healthy controls. The study was conducted from December 2024 to April 2025 at Al-Kindy Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Baghdad. Participants were categorized into four subgroups based on the presence or absence of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and DM. Serum levels of PENK-A, TSH, T3, T4, and HbA1c were measured using different principles of the ELISA technique, while (FBG) Fasting Blood Glucose was determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method using a glucose kit from Randox. To express the data, the mean ±SD was used. Results: PENK-A levels were significantly elevated in patients with both thyroid dysfunction and type 2 diabetes compared to non-diabetic patients and controls. PENK-A demonstrated high diagnostic performance in distinguishing hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism patients with DM from those without DM, achieving an outstanding AUC of 0.942 and 0.813, respectively. Conclusions: Proenkephalin-A may serve as a sensitive and specific biomarker for predicting and monitoring type 2 diabetes in patients with thyroid disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam A. Hassoun, Eiman A.A. Abass https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene SNP BsmI (1544410) with Axial Spondyloarthritis in Iraqi Patients Treated with Infliximab
Background: Axial spondyloarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder driven by tumor necrosis factor alpha and the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 pathway. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors such as infliximab improve outcomes, but responses vary, suggesting genetic influences; vitamin D receptor polymorphisms—particularly BsmI ( rs1544410) may modulate disease activity and therapeutic response. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between the VDR BsmI polymorphism and disease activity, as well as infliximab treatment response in patients with Axial spondyloarthritis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 AxSpA patients (108 males, 42 females) receiving infliximab for at least three months. VDR BsmI genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP. The study took place at the Rheumatology Clinics of Baghdad Hospital, Medical City, Iraq, with ethical approval from the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, odds ratio estimation, and Pearson correlation, with significance defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results: BsmI genotype distribution was AA (28%), AG (46%), and GG (26%), with allele frequencies of 51% (A) and 49% (G). No significant association was found between BsmI polymorphism and infliximab duration. However, a significant association was observed with disease activity (p = 0.008). The AA and AG genotypes were also significantly associated with male gender (p = 0.01). No significant correlations were found with other clinical features including inflammatory back pain, Urinary tract infection , enthesitis, uveitis, dactylitis, psoriasis, or colitis. Conclusion: The GG genotType was linked to an increased likelihood of inactive disease, while the AA genotype was associated with an increased risk of low disease activity. These findings suggest VDR BsmI polymorphism may influence AxSpA disease activity and response to infliximab
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah H. Drewil, Manal K. Rasheed, Nizar A. Jassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Characterization of Virulence Factors and Two-Component Regulatory System Genes in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Young Women with Urinary Tract Infections
Background: Urinary tract infections are one of the most common bacterial infections, caused mainly by Escherichia coli. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) possess virulence factors that can worsen infections, partly regulated by the BarA/UvrY two-component system, which controls genes associated with adhesion, motility, and biofilm formation through small RNAs and carbon metabolism regulators. Objectives: To determine the pathogenicity and some genotype features of Escherichia coli from urine specimens collected from young women patients and assess their antibiotic resistance. Methods: Between September and November 2024, 200 urine samples were collected from young women aged 18 to 30 who had urinary tract infections, from a number of major hospitals in Baghdad. Identification of bacteria was confirmed using differential and chromogenic media, followed by biochemical confirmation with the VITEK 2 Compact System. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the VITEK 2 Compact System. The ability of Escherichia coli to form biofilm, swarm, and produce hemolysin was evaluated. Conventional PCR methods were used to detect the prevalence of the two-component system genes in Escherichia coli. Results: The isolation rate of Escherichia coli from urine samples was 44.5%, yielding 89 isolates. High resistance to cefotaxime (82.5%) was observed, while all isolates were fully sensitive to meropenem, amikacin, and tigecycline. A substantial 85% of isolates produced β-lactamase, and 2.5% displayed both β-lactamase production and polypeptide resistance mechanisms. Production of hemolysin was seen in 48.3% of isolates, while 34.8% showed swarming motility. Biofilm formation varied, with 13.4% being moderate producers, 29% being weak producers, and 57.3% not producing. Genotypic analysis of 16 representative isolates revealed the presence of the BarA and UvrY genes. Conclusion: This study highlighted the critical role of UPEC in urinary tract infections among young women, marked by significant cefotaxime resistance. Despite the uniform presence of the BarA and UvrY genes, isolates displayed diverse virulence profiles, underscoring the complex interplay between resistance and pathogenicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali H. Al-Daraji, May T. Flayyih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of Malondialdehyde as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress and Its Correlation with 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3 in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndromeoxy Vitamin D3
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinology disorder affecting women in the years of reproduction. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a result of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation and is widely utilized as a trustworthy indicator of peroxidation of lipids and oxidative damage. Conversely, Vitamin D deficiency is a global issue affecting around one billion individuals. 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ is linked to multiple metabolic processes and reproduction facets of women with PCOS and thus may contribute to the PCOS pathophysiology. Objectives: To measure and compare serum malondialdehyde levels and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ concentrations between women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) versus age-matched healthy controls and to investigate the correlation between malondialdehyde and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ levels in both groups to elucidate potential mechanistic links between oxidative stress and vitamin D deficiency in PCOS pathophysiology. Methods: The present case-control research was conducted at the Infertility Centre of Al-Batool Teaching Hospital, Diyala Governorate, Iraq, in collaboration with the Biochemistry Department at the College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, from April 2024 to January 2025. A total of 132 women aged 18-40 years were included in this study, comprising 66 PCOS cases and 66 healthy controls. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assessed the concentrations of serum malondialdehyde and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3. Results: The results indicated markedly elevated serum malondialdehyde concentrations within the PCOS group compared to the controls. The concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the PCOS group were considerably reduced compared to the controls. A significant negative correlation was found between serum malondialdehyde levels and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the PCOS Group. Conclusion: The current study showed that PCOS cases had much higher MDA levels than controls, probably indicating that they have experienced more oxidative stress. The level of 25(OH)D showed a common lack of this vitamin in the PCOS cases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed N Qasim , Halla Ghazi Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Computational Analysis of Four RETNSNPs in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Breast cancer is a leading malignancy in women, shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Resistin, a potential chemotherapy target, may contribute to chemoresistance when mutated. This study applies computational methods to analyze how single-nucleotide polymorphisms alter resistin’s structure and function, potentially reducing its chemotherapy sensitivity. Methods: A total of 105 fresh blood samples were collected from patients recruited from the Oncology Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq. between March-2020 and September-2023. Samples were classified into 3 groups of 35 samples each: control, benign and patients. DNA extraction, PCR, Sanger sequencing and computational approaches were used to analyze four resistins' polymorphisms, namely rs1862513, rs3219175, rs34788323, and rs3745367. Functional impacts were predicted using HaploReg (regulatory effects), RegulomeDB (regulatory annotations), PolyPhen-2 (pathogenicity), ProtParam (protein stability), and SWISS-MODEL (3d structural modelling). Data entry, descriptive statistics, and statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. The chi-squared test was applied, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Four Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in resistin showed notable associations with breast cancer. rs1862513: GG genotype was more frequent in malignant (40%) and benign (26%) cases versus controls (0%), indicating a strong link to disease presence. rs3219175: AA genotype showed a significant difference, while GA was non-significant. rs3745367 (phenylalanine-41-proline) (AA): identified as a risk factor (OR = 1.44) with a PolyPhen-2 score of 0.999, suggesting structural alterations in resistin. rs34788323 (arginine-65-lysine) (TT): acted as a protective factor (OR = 2.07) and was predicted benign (score = 0.015; sensitivity = 0.96; specificity = 0.79). Additionally, rs1862513 and rs3219175 may affect transcription factor binding sites. Conclusion: In silico analysis predicts that specific resistins' polymorphisms may impair protein function, alter its structure and reduce chemotherapy sensitivity in Iraqi breast cancer patients. These variants could serve as biomarkers for personalized therapy, but need experimental validation
Copyright (c) 2025 Khadija A. Sahan, Zahraa A. Sahan, Thualfiqar Gh. Turki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Radiological Patterns of Bronchogenic Carcinoma in a Sample of Iraqi Patients
Background: Bronchogenic carcinoma is considered one of the most common malignant diseases that affects both sexes. The radiological profile of bronchogenic cancer can prove to be of great assistance in the management of this disease. Objectives: The current study aimed to assess a radiological profile for bronchogenic carcinoma in a sample of Iraqi patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study that comprised a total of 100 patients affected with bronchogenic cancer in Al-Imamain Al-Kadhimain Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, from the 1st of January to 31st of July 2020. Clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities, the site of the tumor within the lung, radiological findings, and the histopathologic type of cancer, were recorded. Results: The subjects consisted of 100 patients affected with bronchogenic carcinoma, 70% were males and 30% were females, and the mean age was 62.26±10.8 years. Also, 59% were ex\current smokers. The site of the tumour, according to the CT scan, was 44% in the left lung, 40% in the right lung, and 16% bilaterally. The most common histopathological type was squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for 44% of patients; the second type was adenocarcinoma (39%). The radiological findings showed 53% of the cases, the cancer was seen as a mass on imaging, while in 35% a solitary nodule was found Conclusions: Lung mass and lung nodules are the most common radiological findings in bronchogenic carcinoma. There was no significant association between the radiological finding, site of lesion, and histopathological type.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haider N. Dawood, Mohammed I. Sameen, Mudher Al-Khairalla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of Kisspeptin in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles in a Group of Infertile Iraqi Females
Background: Infertility is a global issue that not only affects individuals but also impacts society as a whole. Kisspeptin has emerged as a key player in the understanding of certain facets of infertility. However, research on the role of kisspeptin in fertility, particularly in assisted reproductive treatment, remains limited. Objectives: To investigate the potential association between follicular fluid kisspeptin levels and various reproductive parameters, including the number and maturity of oocytes, fertilization rate, pregnancy detection, anti-Müllerian hormone levels, and the age of females. Methods: Sixty infertile couples with an age range of 20 – 40 years participated in this study. They complained of unexplained infertility, had no hormonal or male factors, all with the same stimulation protocol, with follicular fluid collected on the day the oocytes were retrieved. These follicular fluid samples were centrifuged and then frozen at -20ºC until the day an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for kisspeptin was done. The study was conducted at the High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, between the 1st of January to the 1st of July, 2023. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between follicular kisspeptin levels and female age. Kisspeptin levels positively correlated with the number of retrieved oocytes, mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, and AMH levels. Higher kisspeptin levels were observed in pregnant women (707.7 ± 235.28 pg/mL) than in non-pregnant ones (648.9 ± 215.27 pg/mL), but the difference was not significant. A strong positive correlation was found between follicular and serum kisspeptin. Conclusion: This study suggested that kisspeptin may play a key role in ovarian function, as its levels were associated with oocyte quality and ovarian reserve. The observed relationship between kisspeptin levels and both female age and reproductive outcomes highlights its potential as a biomarker in assisted reproduction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba R. Qasim, Najeeb H. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparison of Debulking Combined with Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection Versus Debulking Alone, for the Treatment of Earlobe and Helical Keloids.
Background: Keloids of the ear present a significant clinical challenge, with surgical excision alone associated with high recurrence rates (45%–100%). Various adjuvant treatments have been explored to improve outcomes, with intra-lesional corticosteroids showing promise. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of debulking combined with intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide versus debulking alone in treating earlobe and helical keloids. Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, from January 2014 to October 2015. Twenty-eight female patients with 67 keloid lesions resulting from ear piercing were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 underwent debulking followed by intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide (0.25 mg to 1 mg), while Group 2 received debulking alone. The treatment response was assessed over six months using keloid height measurements, a visual analogue scale (VAS) for improvement, patient satisfaction scores, and recurrence rates. Results: Group 1 demonstrated more significant improvement, with a mean VAS score of 8.8 ± 2.00 compared to 3.5 ± 2.63 in Group 2. Patient satisfaction was also higher in Group 1 (8.6 ± 2.38) than in Group 2 (3.5 ± 2.40). The recurrence rate was markedly lower in Group 1 (13.3%) compared to Group 2 (92.3%). No significant side effects or systemic adverse effects were observed in either group. Conclusion: Debulking combined with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection is a more effective treatment for earlobe and helical keloids than debulking alone. This approach is simple, cost-effective, and well-tolerated, leading to higher patient satisfaction and significantly lower recurrence rates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yasir T. Radhi, Hayder Al-Hamamy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Life Expectancy in Iraq (2000–2022): A Trigger to the Revamp Health System and Public Health Policies
Life expectancy at birth is one of the most critical indicators of a population's health, reflecting the cumulative effects of healthcare access, lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, and public health strategies (1). Between 2000 and 2022, life expectancy trends in Iraq were shaped by political instability, conflicts, economic sanctions, and evolving risk factors such as lifestyle-related diseases, environmental hazards, and fragmented health services. This article explores these trends, focuses on statistical data and regional comparisons, and recommends actions to address Iraq’s public health challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salman Rawaf, Celine Tabche, David L. Rawaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Maternal Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor Level in Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Background: Between 0.3% and 2% of pregnant women experience hyperemesis gravidarum. It is recognized by persistent and unexplained vomiting and dehydration, and the diagnosis is confirmed by significant loss of weight, usually more than 5% of the pre-pregnancy weight. Tumor necrosis factor-α is a multipotent cytokine that affects a vast array of cells. It is now well accepted that the tumor necrosis factor-α is crucial in the very early stages of pregnancy. Objectives: To assess the relationship between the tumor necrosis factor-α and hyperemesis gravidarum. Methods: This case-control study was carried out at the Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, from 1 January to 1 November 2022. The study involved 50 pregnant women, who suffered from hyperemesis gravidarum (mild or severe) as the case group, and another 50 healthy pregnant women as the control group, in the first trimester. The (Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea) Index was used to evaluate the severity of the symptoms. Five milliliters of venous blood were taken to measure the tumor necrosis factor-α. Results: In contrast to the women in the control group, pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum had a mean hemoglobin that was significantly lower (10.8) g/dL compared to the control group (11.5) g/dL and their liver enzymes were significantly higher except for alkaline phosphatase, (294.4) IU/L compared to the control group (49.5) IU/L. Their mean tumor necrosis factor-α level was also significantly higher, (200.6) pg/ml versus (96.34) pg/ml in the control group. Conclusion: The mean tumor necrosis factor-α level was higher in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum than in women with normal pregnancy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Najmah M. Meran, Rifka M. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Impact of Biologic and Conventical Synthetic DMARDs on Serum Coenzyme Q10 and Malondialdehyde in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune illness. Oxidative stress such as Malondialdehyde plays a major role in the pathophysiology of RA while antioxidants such as Coenzyme Q10 play protect role against inflammation. Objectives: The study aimed to compare serum concentrations of Coenzyme Q10 and Malondialdehyde in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls and to evaluate how different types of treatment (biologics and chemotherapy) influence serum levels of them in this disease. Methods: The case-control study was conducted on 88 individuals (60 had been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and 28 healthy as (Controls). The patients were recruited from the Rheumatology Unit of Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, during the period from November 2024 to March 2025. They were subdivided into four groups according to the type of treatment (biology, biology & chemotherapy, biology & other, chemotherapy & other). Serum investigations included measurements of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, Coenzyme Q10, and Malondialdehyde, measured by using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results: The study found that the mean (±SD) values of Malondialdehyde were significantly highly increased (705.77 ± 168.83, p<0.0001), while that of Coenzyme Q10 was significantly lower (6.26 ± 1.08, p<0.0001) in RA patients. Also, the mean levels differed significantly among the treatment groups with the biological therapy with the other group having the highest malondialdehyde (and the lowest Coenzyme Q10. Conclusion: Patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of Malondialdehyde and reduced levels of Coenzyme Q10, indicating oxidative stress. Treatment modalities significantly affect these biomarkers
تأثير نوع العلاج (البيولوجي والعلاج الكيميائي) على مستويات الانزيم المساعد (Q10) والمالونديالديهيد في مصل الدم لدى مرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي
الكلمات الرئيسية: مضاد للأكسدة، انزيم (Q10) المساعد، التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي، مالونديالديهيد، الاجهاد التأكسدي.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nagham Y. Mohsin, Basil O. Salih, Faiq I. Gorial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Vitamin D and the Pathogenesis of Primary Hypothyroidism
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders and autoimmune diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and the pathogenesis of primary hypothyroidism. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, and Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic. The study involved 81 patients aged 29-62 years, with 24 newly diagnosed hypothyroidism, 33 had established hypothyroidism, and 24 had subclinical hypothyroidism. The control group consisted of 40 healthy individuals aged 29-62 years. The study used the MAGLUMI® 800 analyzer Chemiluminescence Immunoassay System, which uses Acridinium Ester-based Immunoassay technology for high sensitivity and specificity (True Negative Rate). Thyroid peroxidase antibodies and 25- hydroxyvitamin D were also tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique. Results: The results revealed that the median and 1st -3rd quartile range values of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels of newly diagnosed, established, and subclinical primary hypothyroidism were significantly decreased compared to controls (for all, p<0.0001). However, there were non-significant differences between newly diagnosed and subclinical, newly diagnosed and established, and between subclinical and established. There was a significant negative correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and thyroid stimulating hormone in newly diagnosed and significant positive correlation in subclinical. Also, there were significant positive correlations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and freeT4 in established and subclinical. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary hypothyroidism, whether it is a newly diagnosed, established, or subclinical one.
قصور الغدة الدرقية، TSH في المصل، 25 (OH) D، فيتامين د.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abbas S Jebur , Basil S. Oied, Omar F. Al Azzawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Evaluation of Metanephrine and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Pediatric Wilms Tumor and Neuroblastom
Background: Wilms' tumor and Neuroblastoma are common pediatric malignancies, with biochemical markers like plasma metanephrines and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) being studied for diagnostic and prognostic values. Metanephrine, a catecholamine metabolite, is elevated in Neuroblastoma due to tumor secretion. Elevated LDH levels may correlate with tumor burden and indirectly indicate disease activity. Objectives: To evaluate plasma metanephrine and lactate dehydrogenase as biomarkers in Neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor in pediatric patients. Methods: The study was conducted between February and December 2024, in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq, and the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. A Total of 98 children under the age of 10 years were included and grouped into: Group 1: 34 patients with Neuroblastoma, Group 2: 31 patients with Wilms tumor, and Group 3: 33 healthy children serving as controls. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected from all participants. Plasma metanephrine levels were measured using an ELISA method, while lactate dehydrogenase levels were determined using the Roche Cobas analyzer. Anthropometric parameters were also measured. Results: The study found no significant differences in age, weight, or height among Neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and control groups. However, Neuroblastoma patients showed significantly higher Metanephrine levels (26.2 ± 2.24 ng/mL) compared to Wilms tumor (8.0 ± 0.28 ng/mL) and controls (7.5 ± 0.29 ng/mL) . Similarly, LDH levels were elevated in Neuroblastoma (848.8 ± 87.57 U/L) and Wilms tumor (629.3 ± 66.99 U/L) versus controls (68.6 ± 3.90 U/L), with Neuroblastoma exhibiting higher LDH than Wilms tumor. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of using metanephrine measurements for Neuroblastoma diagnosis and monitoring, as these metabolites can inform treatment response and disease progression. Neuroblastoma exhibits higher levels of metanephrine and lactate dehydrogenase, indicating a larger tumor burden. Wilms tumor does not share these characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nihad A. Jwda, Manal K. Rasheed , Hasanein H.Ghali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Possible Protective Effects of Saw Palmetto Extract in Indomethacin Treated Rats
Background: Indomethacin is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for treating pain and fever. It is coupled with oxidative stress and an inflammatory response, which accounts for several detrimental effects on the body’s organs. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the potential of using SSaw palmetto extract to counteract the oxidative stress and inflammatory response resulting from Indomethacin treatment in rat models. Methods: The study involved 20 male albino rats, arbitrarily sorted into four groups of 5 animals each group. Group 1 (control group) was neither induced nor treated. Groups (2-4) were treated with oral Omeprazole (20 mg/kg/day) and Saw palmetto extract (20 mg/kg/day) suspensions, respectively, for 15 days. On day 15 of the study, blood samples were taken by heart puncture for the determination of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. Results: Saw palmetto extract treatment was found to elevate serum levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase significantly compared to the Indomethacin-induction group. Conversely, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels were markedly reduced compared to the Indomethacin-induction group. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Saw palmetto extract are contingent on its bioactive flavonoids and sitosterols content. Conclusion: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory influence of Saw palmetto extract could be a promising approach to counteract oxidative stress and inflammatory response due to Indomethacin treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaid M. Abdul Majeed, Mohammed Q. Al-Atrakji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Detection of Class 1 Integron among Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates in Baghdad Hospitals
Background: Extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a significant problem currently due to the increasing prevalence of this pathogen. Objectives: To underscore the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae by investigating the prevalence of class 1 integrons among selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates, with the goal of emphasizing the need for strengthened surveillance and targeted antimicrobial strategies. Methods: Seventy-four K. pneumoniae isolates have been identified out of 200 clinical samples from different clinical sources (urine, burns, blood, sputum, wounds). Isolates were obtained from November 2024 to March 2025, in Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital and the Laboratory at College of Science Microbiology Department, University of Baghdad. The isolates were first detected by biochemical testing, chromogenic agar and later confirmed using the VITEK 2 method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated utilizing the disc diffusion technique (Kirby-Bauer method). The presence of the class 1 integron gene was confirmed via conventional PCR. Results: A total of 200 clinical samples were collected from the 74 K. pneumoniae isolates; 51 (68.9%) exhibited multidrug resistance. Resistance to cefotaxime was observed in 86%, followed by tetracycline (80%), while imipenem exhibited the highest sensitivity at 84%. Class 1 integron gene was identified in 80% of the 10 selected multidrug-resistant isolates. Conclusion: The high incidence of class 1 integrons in multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae clinical isolates highlights the essential role of integrons in the spread of antibiotic resistance. This indicates the worldwide emergence of K. pneumoniae pathogenic strains resistant to colistin and carbapenems, highlighting the imperative for ongoing molecular surveillance and efficient antibiotic stewardship.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jasim S. Jasim, Alyaa R. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Power of International Collaboration in Advancing Haematology and Oncology: Fostering Excellence between the UK and Iraq.
Modern international connectivity makes international cooperation essential for medical progress specifically in specialised medicine areas like haematology and oncology. Healthcare problems become more manageable when countries unite their expert knowledge with resources and creative solutions to achieve better patient results worldwide. The University of Baghdad should establish partnerships with UK healthcare organisations to address national healthcare deficiencies as they create mutual educational programs. The systematic collaboration between UK and Iraqi healthcare institutions shows potential to transform blood-related care services. This research illustrates that multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) as well as direct partnerships enable collaborative expert acquisition to boost patient care alongside innovation development. The UK healthcare sector can benefit from understanding how the Middle East integrates technology in healthcare services and delivers personalised care to patients
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Al-Hassani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Gene Expression of Subtilisin Genes of UV-irradiated Trichophyton indotineae Isolated from Iraqi Patients
Background: Virulence genes in dermatophytes have been a major focus of research in recent years. These fungi have a unique ability to degrade keratin, an essential structural protein in human skin, using protease enzymes. These enzymes play a crucial role in the development and spread of infections. Objectives: To assess the impact of UV radiation on the expression of subtilisin virulence genes in Trichophyton indotineae isolates obtained from patients in Baghdad, Iraq. Materials: Seven T. indotineae isolates were analyzed in this study, and their proteolytic activity was qualitatively assessed using skim milk agar. The isolate displaying the largest clearance zone in response to UV radiation (254–365 nm) was selected for further experiments with varying exposure durations. The expression of Subtilisin (SUB) genes was measured using the one-step RT-qPCR technique. These specimens were obtained from patients diagnosed with Tinea at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and Al-Zahra Consultative Center for Allergy and Asthma in Baghdad, and the laboratory procedures were conducted in the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, between October 2022 and February 2023. Results: Distinct trends in SUB7 gene expression were observed following UV exposure. A significant increase was noted after 6 minutes of exposure to 365 nm UV, while a rapid rise was seen after 3 minutes of exposure to 254 nm UV. All the studied genes (SUB1, SUB3, SUB4, SUB6, and SUB7) exhibited higher expression levels following UV exposure for 3 or 6 minutes. Most genes were upregulated, except SUB3, which was repressed after 12 minutes of exposure to 254 nm UV. Conclusion: The findings suggest that increased virulence gene expression may be a stress response to UV radiation, potentially influenced by rising global temperatures and increased solar irradiance during Iraqi summers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aseel H. Hendi, Alaa Al-Araji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Novel Histological Study Evaluating the Combined Effect of Bovine-bone Graft and Royal Jelly on Socket Bone Healing in a Rabbit Model
Background: The alveolar process, also called the alveolar bone, is a thickened ridge that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on the jaw bones that hold the teeth. After tooth extraction, several changes can occur in the alveolar process that may prevent or delay prosthodontic or other dental treatments. Recently, the Bovine-bone graft has been proposed to be applied in fresh extraction sockets to minimize the reduction in ridge volume. In recent experimental studies, Royal jelly has been shown to have antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties, resulting in vascular dilatation and increased cell proliferation and differentiation. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Bovine-bone graft and Royal Jelly separately and in combination on socket bone healing. Methods: Forty-eight rabbits were divided into four groups (Control, Royal Jelly (RJ), Bovine-Bone Graft (BG), Combination). The results were studied histologically after two and four weeks, postoperatively. A histological examination was performed under a light microscope for the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The study was conducted between November 2023 and ended in September 2024 in the laboratory of Histology in the College of Dentistry / University of Baghdad. Results: In the RJ group, the socket area showed the formation of new bone trabeculae, lined by osteoblasts and osteocytes, with higher mean values than in other groups. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that RJ-treated sockets exhibited significantly higher trabecular bone area (p<0.001) and osteoblast/ osteocyte counts compared to the BG and Control groups. Conclusion: The use of Royal Jelly separately or in combination with Bovine-bone graft is more beneficial than the Bovine-bone graft alone, for socket bone healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shatha M. Alhamrany, Nada M.H Al-Ghaban, Mahdi Mutahar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Comparison between Opioid and Non-Opioid Analgesia for Postoperative Pain in Obstetric Patients
Background: preventive analgesia using opioids has been the cornerstone in relieving postoperative pain. However, it carries undesirable side effect. The recent approach is to use other modalities instead. A lot of studies and researches have been done to evaluate ketorolac and Nefopam efficacy, duration of pain relief and their side effects. Objectives: prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and duration action of ketorolac 30mg and nefopam 20mg in relieving postoperative pain in comparison to Pethidine 50mg in obstetric patients after cesarean section under general anesthesia. Methods: 120 patients included in this study. They were randomly divided in 3 groups. All received one of the 3 drugs involved in the study. Postoperative pain was assessed using Verbal rating scale-4 up to six hours after arrival to PACU. Patients received rescue drugs when they had moderate pain. Results: Ketorolac had showed results parallel to those of Pethidine with lesser adverse effects. Nefopam, on the other hand, was statistically significantly less efficient in relieving postoperative pain in comparison with Pethidine. Conclusion: single dose ketorolac can be used alone in the management of postoperative pain with similar efficacy to Pethidine and less nausea and vomiting. Nefopam is not as effective as Pethidine and it is not prudent to use it as a sole analgesic drug.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwa A. Qassim, Alaa A AlTaei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Beta-Endorphin and Serotonin Levels in Individuals with Methamphetamine use Disorder
Background: Alterations in the levels of beta-endorphins and serotonin are heavily involved in the mood dysregulation regularly observed in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder, with lower levels of these neurotransmitters contributing to mood disturbances commonly seen in addiction. Such neurochemical imbalances may also disrupt normal mood regulation pathways, leading to the emotional and psychological challenges often experienced by individuals struggling with addiction. Objective: To investigate the relationship between beta-endorphin and serotonin levels in individuals with methamphetamine addiction, and to evaluate their potential roles in mood regulation and addiction-related behaviors. Methods: This observational study assessed the serum levels of beta-endorphin and serotonin in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder compared to healthy controls. Fifty patients with confirmed methamphetamine use disorder and fifty matched healthy individuals were recruited. ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to measure serum serotonin and beta-endorphin levels. Research permission was obtained with ethical approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee. Results: The results showed significantly lower levels of both neurotransmitters in the addiction group with mean ± SD (11.84 ± 3.64) of beta endorphin and means of 10.28 ± 3.21, of serotonin. A strong positive correlation between serotonin and beta-endorphin was also noted. These findings suggest a critical role of these neurochemicals in the mood disturbances associated with methamphetamine addiction. Conclusion: Mood regulation and addictive behaviors in methamphetamine addiction were impacted by changes in beta-endorphin and serotonin levels. Understanding these neurochemical changes help to develop more effective treatments for changes in mood and addictive behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor H. Talib, Maysaa J. Majeed , Maher M. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of Serum and Seminal Fluid Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) in Differentiating Subtypes of Male Infertility.
Background: Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse, with male factors accounting for about 50% of cases. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein belonging to the Transforming growth factor beta family, is secreted from Sertoli cells and plays a key role in male sexual differentiation. Objectives: To examine the potential role of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in differentiating the subtypes of male infertility. Methods: This case-control study was done at the Infertility Center of Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, by the Department of Biochemistry / College of Medicine / University of Baghdad between April 2024 and January 2025. It included 111 males, aged 20-55 years. These subjects were subdivided into four groups based on seminal fluid analysis: The Normozoospermic group (30 males), who served as the control group; the Asthenozoospermia group (29 males); the oligozoospermia group (25 males); and the idiopathic (unexplained) infertility group (27 males). Investigations included serum and seminal fluid measurements of anti-müllerian hormone using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: The mean ±SD values of anti-müllerian hormone concentrations were significantly higher in the serum compared with the results of seminal plasma in all groups except the oligozoospermia group, where the AMH was higher than in the serum. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed that Serum AMH exhibited fair to good diagnostic performance with cutoff value between (2.5-3.2 ng/ml), while seminal fluid AMH displayed lower diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing subtypes of male infertility, the cutoff value ranging from (1.75-3.83 ng/ml). Conclusion: Serum AMH levels exhibit fair to good diagnostic performance in differentiating subtypes of male infertility. Seminal fluid AMH displayed lower diagnostic accuracy across all groups, with elevated levels in oligozoospermic subjects. These findings suggest that serum AMH may be a valuable biomarker in evaluating male infertility subtypes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Osamah A. Layih , Basil O. Saleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Investigating Epstein-Barr Virus IgG Antibodies as a Biomarker for Oncogenesis and Immune Evasion in Lung Cancer among Iraqi Patients
Background: Lung cancer is the predominant cause of cancer-related mortality globally, accounting for 18.4% of all cancer fatalities, leading to significant economic loss and societal hardship. EBV was identified in 1964 as the premiere human oncogenic virus; it currently contributes to over 200,000 cancer cases annually and around 1.8% of all cancer-related deaths globally. The KRAS gene belongs to the family of rat sarcoma viral oncogenes (RAS), it was identified in lung cancer located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p11.1–12p12.1) in 1982. Objectives: The study aims to analyze the complex molecular interactions among Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgG seropositivity, KRAS mutation-induced immunogenicity, and the genetic polymorphism rs121913238, emphasizing their combined effects on driving oncogenic signaling pathways, evading immune surveillance, and altering the tumor microenvironment to promote lung cancer initiation, progression, and phenotypic diversity. Methods: A total number of 100 serum and whole blood samples were collected. Immunological assay procedure (ELISA) was conducted to measure the concentration of Anti-EBV IgG followed by two steps of molecular analysis: conventional PCR and gene polymorphism by Sanger sequencing technique to detect the targeted SNP in 30 samples Results: The results indicated that EBV IgG levels were markedly higher in patients than in controls (P = 0.0003). The data indicate a possible role of EBV in lung cancer, necessitating additional investigation into its contribution to disease etiology. The targeted SNP was not detected in either of the samples in the selected region, another SNP (rs11836509) was detected in 8 samples (6 patients and 2 controls). Conclusion: The viral infection showed no significant relation to the KRAS mutation, but it has a relation with the disease, the (rs11836509) correlates with lung carcinoma.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruqaya K. Abbass, Lubna M. Rasoul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of Thyroid Function and Cortisol Levels in Iraqi Patients with Vitiligo
Background: The loss of functioning melanocytes in the skin causes vitiligo, an acquired autoimmune condition that manifests as big, white, unsightly patches on the skin. Melanocyte loss is caused by several reasons, including oxidative stress, inflammation, autoimmune, and metabolic problems, while the exact etiopathology of the condition remains unknown. There is a relationship between vitiligo, thyroid hormones, and cortisol levels. Objective: The study aims to measure cortisol hormone levels in the serum of vitiligo patients and examine the thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and TSH). Methods: In this case-control study, 80 vitiligo patients diagnosed between November 2023 and February 2024 by dermatologists at the Dermatology and Venereology Center in Medical City, Baghdad, were included. The control group consisted of 40 healthy people. Everyone had a venous blood sample. Cortisol levels and thyroid hormones were assessed using the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method. Results: The control group's mean age was 29.5 ± 13.28, whereas the patient group was 28.9 ± 14.15. There were no statistically significant differences in age between study groups. Age and gender differences were not considered between the two groups. The patient group had significantly higher mean T3, TSH, and cortisol levels than the control group. The two groups did not differ significantly regarding T4 (P>0.05). Conclusion: A comparison of T3, TSH, and Cortisol levels revealed a difference between the two groups, but no difference in T4 levels was observed. More extensive research with larger sample sizes is required to clarify these findings. levels showed up. More extensive research with larger sample sizes is required to clarify these findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima H. Mohsin, Talib A. Hussein, Ghassan H. Abdulqahar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Clinical Diagnostic Value of Stromelysin-2 and Highly Sensitive-Cardiac Troponin I in the Severity of Coronary Artery Obstruction
Background: Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Troponin is released into blood from patients with reversible myocardial ischemia. Stromelysin-2 is also involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis by tissue remodeling and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Objectives: To investigate the role of serum high-sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTn I) and Stromelysin-2 (Str-2) in the diagnosis and determination of the severity of coronary artery obstruction. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 125 subjects undergoing coronary angiography for suspicion of coronary artery disease in Baghdad Teaching Hospital/ Medical City complex/ Baghdad/ Iraq by the Department of Biochemistry/ College of Medicine/ University of Baghdad between March and December 2024. The participants were divided into three groups: Group I included 48 subjects with no coronary artery lesion or with < 50% stenosis), Group II included 47 subjects with > 50% stenosis in a single or double coronary arteries, and Group III included 30 subjects with > 50% stenosis in ≥ three coronary arteries or ≥ 50% stenosis in the left main stem. Serum levels of hs-cTn I and Str-2 were measured by the ELISA technique. Results: The median and 1st – 3rd quartile values of hs-cTn I and Str-2 levels of group III and group II were significantly higher than those of groups I (p= 0.001). The median value of hs-cTn I was significantly higher in group III than in group II (p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under curve tests revealed that hs-cTn I and Str-2 have a high diagnostic ability of coronary artery obstruction along with a high discriminative ability of hs-cTn I in assessment of severity of coronary artery obstruction. Conclusion: Measurements of serum Str-2 level can be used in the diagnosis of coronary artery obstruction, while serum hs-cTn I level can be used in the diagnosis and differentiation of severity of coronary artery obstruction. Combining both markers add no significant benefit
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal A. Hammoodi, Basil O. Saleh, Ameen A. Al-Alwany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Hair Growth Stimulation in Testosterone-Induced Alopecic Mice: A Comparative Study between Topical Clove Oil 10% Topical Minoxidil 5%
Background: Hair follicle degradation characterizes androgenic alopecia (AGA). Deterioration shortens anagen and lengthens telogen, turning terminal hairs into vellus hairs. Males and females have this prevalent sickness. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant Syzygium aromaticum may treat it. Objectives: To investigate Syzygium aromaticum as a hair growth booster in testosterone-induced alopecia as an alternative to allopathic treatments with fewer side effects. Methods: A controlled experimental animal study at College of Pharmacy/ University of Baghdad was conducted from November 2022 to December 2024. Male BALB/c mice weighing 25–30 grams and aged 8–12 weeks were used. Alopecia treatment often uses 5% minoxidil (0.1 mL). Alopecia was treated with 10% Syzygium aromaticum oil (0.8 mL). A 5% testosterone solution (100 µL) caused baldness in mice. Four groups of eight animals were randomly assigned: No treatment was given to Group I (Negative Control) after dorsal hair shaving. Group II (Alopecia Control) received only 5% testosterone. Group III (Minoxidil Group) received 5% testosterone and 5% minoxidil. Group IV (Clove Oil Group) received 5% testosterone and 10% Syzygium aromaticum oil. Results: In Group II, testosterone-induced alopecia caused significant decreases in Anagen/Telogen A/T ratio (1.12 ± 0.09) and follicular density (4.8 ± 0.5 follicles/field) compared to the control group (Group I: 3.91 ± 0.24; 10.2 ± 0.7 Compared to the induced group, 5% minoxidil treatment (Group III) significantly increased A/T ratio (3.56 ± 0.20) and follicular density (9.5 ± 0.6). Group IV clove oil treatment showed significant A/T ratio improvement (3.32 ± 0.18), but comparable follicular density (8.8 ± 0.9) to minoxidil was insignificant.Histology corroborated these findings, showing that minoxidil and clove oil groups had higher follicle counts and better follicular architecture, with the former having more clustered and the latter more horizontal. Conclusion: Androgenic alopecia treatments may be replaced by Syzygium aromaticum. It needs human trials to prove its efficacy and safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Banan Abdul Ghany, Huda I. Qasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/