Contamination of Agricultural Soils in Some Baghdad Areas with Antibiotics Resistant Pathogenic Fecal Bacteria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.2104Keywords:
Agricultural soil,, Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, , Enterococcus faecalis,, Escherichia coli,, Fecal bacteriaAbstract
Background: Early studies have shown that agricultural soil, contains various types of microorganisms, especially bacteria including coliform bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter) with fecal Gram-positive bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis.
Objectives: the current study aimed to investigate the contamination of Iraqi agricultural soils with pathogenic fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of soil-isolated bacteria, because it is a dangerous indicator when transmitted to humans.
Methods: Soil samples were collected from six locations (farms) in the capital, Baghdad, which were: AL-Jadria, AL-Latifia, Diyala Rive, AL-Jazera, and AL-Zafraniya (block 1 and block 2) during the study period from the end of November 2021 to August 2022; then were compared with the control samples (house garden). These bacteria were isolated by selective culture media and identified using the VITEK® 2 Compact system, and antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out against 18 different antibiotics by the Kirby Power method. The t-test was used for the statistical analysis.
Results: The bacteriological study of agricultural soil showed the presence of fecal bacteria and this is an evidence on contamination of agricultural soil samples with these bacteria. The highest E. coli count was in the AL-Latifia farm ( 1. 48× 103 ), while the highest E. faecalis count was in the Diyala River farm (2.63 × 103). The antibiotic sensitivity profile illustrated that E. coli was resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, and Teicoplanin but was sensitive to the rest of the antibiotics used, while E. faecalis was only resistant to levofloxacin and linezolid and highly sensitive to the other tested antibiotics.
Conclusion: The current study documented the presence of fecal coliform bacteria in studied soil samples, with markedly high resistance rates toward used antibiotics. These facts might be the result of irrigation with sewage water and the use of organic fertilizers.
Received: March 2023
Accepted: May 2023
Published: Oct. 2023
Downloads
References
Ashraf MA, Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), a global issue a global challenge. Environ. Sci;2015. Pollut. Res.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5225-9
Dias C, Pais JP, Nunes R, Blázquez-Sánchez M-T, Marquês JT, Almeida AF, et al. Sugar-based bactericides targeting phosphatidylethanolamine-enriched membranes. Nature Communications. 2018 Nov 19;9(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06488-4
. Kortright KE, Chan BK, Koff JL, Turner PE. Phage Therapy: A Renewed Approach to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Cell Host & Microbe. 2019 Feb;25(2):219-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.014
Hover BM, Kim S-H, Katz M, Charlop-Powers Z, Owen JG, Ternei MA, et al. Culture-independent discovery of the malacidins as calcium-dependent antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Nature Microbiology. 2018 Feb 12;3(4):415-22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0110-1
Vasilachi IC, Asiminicesei DM, Fertu DI, Gavrilescu M. Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Pollutants in Water Environment and Options for Their Removal. Water. 2021 Jan 13;13(2):181. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020181
. Mehdi LY, Wannas NS. Isolation and Identification of Clostridium perfringens and its Enterotoxin in Food poisoning Patients. JFacMedBagdad [Internet]. 2017 Jul. 2 [cited 2023 Mar. 12];59(2):145-150. https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.592125
Meals W, Harcum B, & Dressing A. 2013. Monitoring for microbial pathogens and indicators. Tech Notes 9, Developed for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, 2013 Sep VA, 29 p.
https://319monitoring.wordpress.ncsu.edu/files/2016.pdf
Jang J, Hur H-G ., Sadowsky MJ, Byappanahalli MN, Yan T, Ishii S. Environmental Escherichia coli : ecology and public health implications-a review. Journal of Applied Microbiology [Internet]. 2017 Jul 3;123(3):570-81.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13468
Motlagh AM, Yang Z. Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens. Water Environment Research [Internet]. 2019 Sep 21;91(10):1402-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1238
. Costa A, Gusmara C, Gardoni D, Zaninelli M, Tambone F, Sala V, et al. The effect of anaerobic digestion and storage on indicator microorganisms in swine and dairy manure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017 Sep 7;24(31):24135-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0011-5
Alaamery sally k., Al-Hayanni HSA. The Antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L) fruits extracts against some multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. J Fac Med Bagdad [Internet]. 2022 Oct. 17 [cited 2023 Mar. 12];64(3):183-188.
https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6431964
. das Neves RC, Mortari MR, Schwartz EF, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects of Peptides from Venom of Social Wasp and Scorpion on Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Toxins [Internet]. 2019 Apr 10 [cited 2021 Oct 27];11(4):216.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040216
Elkayam R, Kraitzer T, Popov VS, Sladkevich S, Lev O. High Performance of Fixed-Bed Filtration for Reagentless Oxidative Manganese Removal. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2017 Aug;143( 8https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.194 3-7870.0001234
. Baral D, Dvorak BI, Admiraal D, Jia S, Zhang C, Li X. Tracking the Sources of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in an Urban Stream during Wet Weather using Shotgun Metagenomic Analyses. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018 Jul 18;52(16):9033-44.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01219
Lee J, Kim HS, Jo HY, Kwon MJ. Revisiting soil bacterial counting methods: Optimal soil storage and pretreatment methods and comparison of culture-dependent and -independent methods. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 10;16(2):e024614.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246142
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty-first informational supplement. Wayne, PA, USA: CLSI. 2020.
Karaman R, Jubeh B, Breijyeh Z. Resistance of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Overcoming Approaches. Molecules. 2020 Jun 23;25(12):2888. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122888
Werhahn Beining M, Hartmann M, Luebke-Becker A, Guenther S, Schaufler K, Hille K, et al. Carriage of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Fecal Colonization of Dogs from a Pet Clinic in Lower Saxony, Germany. Animals [Internet]. 2023 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Mar 8];13(4):584. Available from.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040584
Yi X, Wang M, Zhou Z. The potential impact of naturally produced antibiotics, environmental factors, and anthropogenic pressure on the occurrence of erm genes in urban soils. Environmental Pollution. 2019 Feb;245:282-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.009
Zhao Y, Cocerva T, Cox S, Tardif S, Su J-Q, Zhu Y-G, et al. Evidence for co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in metal polluted urban soils. Science of The Total Environment. 2019 Mar;656:512-20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.372
Portela R, Leal CR, Almeida PL, Sobral RG. Bacterial cellulose: a versatile biopolymer for wound dressing applications. Microbial Biotechnology [Internet]. 2019 Mar 5 [cited 2019 Dec 6];12(4):586-610. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13392
. Al-Hayanni HSA, El-Shora HM. Various Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants as Inhibitors for Beta-lactamase Activity. Baghdad Science Journal. 2021 Mar 10;18(1):0047. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.1.0047
. Cillóniz C, Dominedò C, Torres A. An overview of guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1;32(6):656-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000596
AL-Lami RA, Al-Hayanni HSA, Shehab ZH. Molecular Investigation of Some Beta-lactamase Genes by PCR and DNA Sequencing Techniques in clinical Escherichia coli. Iraqi Journal of Science [Internet]. 2022 Oct 30;4205-12.
https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.10.7
Zaboon SM, Al-Hayanni HSA. Detection of virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from children with diarrhea. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 2021. 21, 791-796.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 atima dawood, Huda S. A. Al-Hayanni, Maitham A. Sultan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license..
