The Association between Parents´ Knowledge and Proper Use of Insulin in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6612180Keywords:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Insulin, Knowledge, Practices, ParentsAbstract
Background: It is possible that treatment may not be successful, and the expenses of therapy may increase due to patients’ lack of knowledge and inappropriate conduct. Insufficient knowledge regarding the use of insulin can hinder its effectiveness and adherence. Therefore, it is crucial for diabetic patients to follow guidance on insulin management to ensure better outcomes.
Objectives: to investigate the correlation between parents' knowledge of children with type I diabetes and their ability to properly administer insulin to their children in the outpatient diabetes clinic in Nasiriya City.
Methodology: Aross-sectional study was conducted at the of Endocrinology and Diabetes in Nasiriyah, Iraq between October 4, 2022, and March 30, 2023. The study enrolled 180 children and adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The surveys were translated into formal Arabic and administered through face-to-face interviews and patient-caregiver. The knowledge phase 15 questions, while the final segment on taking insulin had five questions. Blood samples were collected from the patients to measure their fasting blood sugar and Glycated hemoglobin. The collected data underwent descriptive analysis using SPSS version 25 software.
Results: A total of 180 children and adolescents with type I diabetes were part of the study. The patient's average age was (10.75 ±4.36) years, and they had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for an average of (6.24 ±3.70) years. Their fasting blood sugar level was out of control (208.42 ±95.0 mg/dl) and their HbA1c level was (9.90±2.85%). Most of the patients (52.2%) were female and had only completed kindergarten (43.3%). The majority of caregivers were parents or guardians who were either illiterate (30.6%) or had an elementary education (33.9%).
Conclusions: The study concluded that most of the caregivers had poor behaviors and insufficient knowledge about insulin usage in type 1 diabetic patients.
Graphical Abstract
Received: Jul. 2023
Accepted: Dec. 2023
Published: April.2024
Downloads
References
Ghareeb SR, Alezzi JI, Mohammed AJ. Environmental Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Diyala Journal of Medicine. 2021 Apr 17; 20 (1):34-42. https://doi.org/10.26505/DJM.20015580910
Bekele BT, Demie TG, Worku F. Health-related quality-of-life and associated factors among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2022 Jun 22:243-56. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S364454
Syed FZ. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Annals of internal medicine. 2022 Mar;175(3):ITC33-48.
https://doi.org/10.7326/AITC202203150
Alruwaili AF, AlArjan FM, Alruwaili AS, Almulhim FA, Alenazi AH, Aldandani RR, Alanzi AM, Alfuhigi FR, Alanazi AO. Awareness, Frequency, and Prevalence of DKA with DM type 1 children in Al-Jouf Region. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2018 Oct 1;73(6):6955-8. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2018.17210
Carnegie ER, Inglis G, Taylor A, Bak-Klimek A, Okoye O. Is population density associated with non-communicable disease in Western developed countries? A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022 Feb 24;19(5):2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052638
Kadhim DM, Al-Kaseer EA, Al-Zubaidi MA. Glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in post-conflict Iraq: a primary report. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad. 2016 Oct 2;58(3):273-5. https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.583263
Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. The worrying trend of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia: an urgent call to action. Current diabetes reviews. 2020 Mar 1;16(3):204-10. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666190531093735
Mansy W, Wajid S, Alwhaibi A, Alghadeer SM, Alhossan A, Babelghaith S, Alrabiah Z, Al Arifi MN. Assessing Outpatients' Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Managing Diabetes in Saudi Arabia. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2022 Mar 17; 59: https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221082781
Elafros MA, Callaghan BC, Skolarus LE, Vileikyte L, Lawrenson JG, Feldman EL. Patient and health care provider knowledge of diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications: a comprehensive literature review. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2023 Apr;24(2):221-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09754-5
Meseret F, Belachew A, Tesfa G, Mengesha T, Embiale T, Alemu A, Dagne M. Time to first optimal glycemic control and its predictors among type 1 diabetic children in Bahir Dar city public referral hospitals, North West Ethiopia: a Retrospective follow up study. BMC Pediatrics. 2022 Sep 24;22(1):563.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03604-8
Alnemery A, Alshahrani A, Al-Jabari S, Alruwaili M, Almalki H, Alhamed R, Alsehli S, Bambairouk A, Abdulaziz A, Aljahdali S, Alharbi A. Management of diabetes during the holy month of Ramadan: An Updated Review. Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries. 2023 May 16;17(01). https://www.jhidc.org/index.php/jhidc/article/view/404
Hacene MN, Zatla YT, Saker M, Abbou Z, Youcef A, Boulenouar H, Fekir H, Khaldi K, Brikci-Nigassa N, Lounici A, Meguenni K. Factors associated with non-adherence to insulin in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Western region of Algeria, Tlemcen: a cross-sectional study. Pan African Medical Journal. 2022 Mar 3;41(1). https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2022.41.172.32972
American Association of Diabetes Educators. An effective model of diabetes care and education: revising the AADE7 Self-Care Behaviors®. The Diabetes Educator. 2020 Apr;46(2):139-60.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721719894903
Workneh Fego M, Tahir Yasin J, Mamo Aga G. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards insulin-self administration among diabetic patients attending Bedele Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019/2020. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Obesity. 2021 Apr 29:1919-25. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S279186
Kyokunzire C, Matovu N. Factors associated with adherence to diabetes care recommendations among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a facility-based study in two urban diabetes clinics in Uganda. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity: targets and therapy. 2018 Mar 29:93-104.
https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S156858
Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, Erikson P. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in health. 2005 Mar 1;8(2):94-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x
Al-Jumaili AA, Al-Rekabi MD, Sorofman B. Evaluation of instruments to assess health literacy in Arabic language among Iraqis. Research in social and administrative pharmacy. 2015 Nov 1;11(6):803-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.02.002
Zalzala SH, Al-Lami FH, Fahad KS. Epidemiological profile of type 1 diabetes among primary school children in Baghdad, Iraq. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2020 Jan 1;6(1) https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms
Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Fonarow GC. Recent US patterns and predictors of prevalent diabetes among acute myocardial infarction patients. Cardiology research and practice. 2011 Apr 7;2011.
https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/145615
Al-Nozha O, Mojadadi M, Mosaad M, El-Bab MF. Assessment of coronary heart diseases in people with diabetes in al-Madinah al-Munawarah. International journal of general medicine. 2012 Feb 22:143-9. (Accessed November 11 at https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S27373
Jamal Noori A, Jabbar Kadhim D, Abdulhasan Al-Hilal M. Medication-related burden among patients with diabetes mellitus and its relationship to diabetic control parameters: an observational study. F1000Research. 2022 Sep 28;11:1112. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124941.1
Al-Banna K, Khuder SA. Effectiveness of the Education Program on Diabetic Patients' Knowledge and Practice Regarding Self-Administration of Insulin in Erbil City. Kufa J Nurs Sci. 2015;5(3):33-42.
https://doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20153.2780
Jasim AR, Razzaq NA, Imeer AT, Rahim RM, Kadhum AA, Al-Amiery AA. Epidemiological profile and diabetes control of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients in Karbala Governorate, Iraq. F1000Research. 2023 Apr 17;12(409):409. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126561.1.
Mahfouz EM, Kamal NN, Mohammed ES: Effects of Mothers' Knowledge and Coping Strategies on the Glycemic Control of Their Diabetic Children in Egypt. Int J. Prev. Med. 2018; 9(1): 26. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_336_17.
Arques RM, Fornés NS, Stringhini ML: Socioeconomic, demographic, nutritional, and physical activity factors in the glycemic control of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. 2011; 55: 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302011000300004
Bahendeka S, Kaushik R, Swai AB, Otieno F, Bajaj S, Kalra S, Bavuma CM, Karigire C. EADSG guidelines: insulin storage and optimization of injection technique in diabetes management. Diabetes Therapy. 2019 Apr;10:341-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-0574-x.
Heinemann L, Braune K, Carter A, Zayani A, Krämer LA. Insulin storage: a critical reappraisal. Journal of diabetes science and technology. 2021 Jan;15(1):147-59.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296819900258
Gorska-Ciebiada M, Masierek M, Ciebiada M. Improved insulin injection technique, treatment satisfaction, and glycemic control: results from a large cohort education study. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology. 2020 Mar 1;19: 100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100217
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ruqayah Kareem Jabbar, Mohammed Yawuz Jamal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
For all articles published in Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY NC 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work, while ensuring that the authors receive proper rights.
How to Cite
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license..
