Assessment of Serum Lipid Profile among Sudanese Patients with COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6612032Keywords:
Serum lipid profile, COVID-19 , Sudanese, , LDL,, TG, , BMI.Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to dyslipidemia in patients.
Objective: To investigate the alterations in serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) levels in individuals with COVID-19 infection.
Cases and Methods: This study was conducted at Jabra Hospital, Khartoum state, Sudan, from February to September 2021. It was an analytical, controlled hospital-based study that involved a total of 136 subjects. Of these, 68 were Sudanese patients who had contracted COVID-19, while the other 68 were healthy individuals who served as the control group. Data was collected through a questionnaire, and the serum lipid profile was estimated using spectrophotometric methods through an enzymatic process. The data was analyzed using SPSS (V25).
Results: The study found that patients with COVID-19 had significantly lower levels of serum LDL, VLDL, TC, and TG compared to the control group. The p-values for these differences were 0.001, 0.002, 0.000, and 0.001, respectively. There was no significant difference in serum HDL and BMI between the two groups. In the case group, serum lipid profiles (excluding HDL) were significantly higher in overweight individuals compared to those with normal weight. The p-values for these differences were 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in serum HDL levels between the two weight groups. Interestingly, the serum lipid profile was significantly higher in overweight controls compared to the cases. The p-values for these differences were 0.001, 0.041, 0.024, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively. Lastly, the study found that the serum lipid profile was significantly lower among severe COVID-19 patients compared to the control group with a p-value of ≤0.001. In particular, serum LDL and TC were significantly lower in patients than controls, with p-values of ≤0.001 and 0.003, respectively. On the other hand, serum TG was significantly higher in cases than controls with a p-value of ≤ 0.001. Serum VLDL and HDL levels were not significantly different between the two groups.
Conclusion: Research has suggested that individuals who have contracted COVID-19 have shown a decrese in lipid profile values compared to those who have not been affected by the virus.
Graphical Abstract
Received: Dec., 2022
Accepted: Feb. 2024
Published: Jan. 2024
Downloads
References
McIntosh K, Hirsch MS, Bloom A. COVID-19: Epidemiology, virology, and prevention. UpToDate [Internet]. 2021 Mar 18. https://medilib.ir/uptodate/show/126981.
Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature reviews microbiology. 2019 Mar;17(3):181-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.
Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):689-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9.
Han Q, Lin Q, Jin S, You L. Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: A brief perspective from the front line. Journal of Infection. 2020 Apr 1;80(4):373-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010.
Bawazier LA, Buntaran S, Sianipar W, Kekalih A. Blood Pressure Profile of Young Adults at the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. ActaMedicaIndonesiana. 2019 Jan 1;51(1):54-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31073107/.
Akter T, Khandker E, Polly ZA, Khanam F. Lipid profile in an urban healthy adult Bangladeshi population. IMC Journal of Medical Science. 2020 Jun 5;14(1):13-7. https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i1.47383 .
Kočar E, Režen T, Rozman D. Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and COVID-19: Basic concepts and clinical applications. BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 2021 Feb 1;1866(2):158849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158849.
Popkin BM, Du S, Green WD, Beck MA, Algaith T, Herbst CH, et al. Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships. Obesity Reviews. 2020 Nov 1;21(11):e13128. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13128.
Toelzer C, Gupta K, Yadav SK, Borucu U, Davidson AD, Kavanagh Williamson M, et al. Free fatty acid binding pocket in the locked structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Science. 2020 Nov 6;370(6517):725-30. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3255 .
Shoemark DK, Colenso CK, Toelzer C, Gupta K, Sessions RB, Davidson AD, et al. Molecular simulations suggest vitamins, retinoids and steroids as ligands of the free fatty acid pocket of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. AngewandteChemie. 2021 Mar 22;133(13):7174-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202015639.
Austrian K, Pinchoff J, Tidwell JB, White C, Abuya T, Kangwana B, Ochako R, Wanyungu J, Muluve E, Mbushi F, Mwanga D. COVID-19 related knowledge, attitudes, practices and needs of households in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.2020: 1- 22. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.260281 .
Sohrabi Y, Reinecke H, Godfrey R. Altered cholesterol and lipid synthesis mediates hyperinflammation in COVID-19. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2021 Mar 1;32(3):132-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.001.
Rezaei A, Neshat S, Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K. Alterations of lipid profile in COVID-19: a narrative review. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2021 May 28:100907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100907.
Hu X, Chen D, Wu L, He G, Ye W. Declined serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection. ClinicaChimicaActa. 2020 Nov 1;510:105-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.015.
Ressaire Q, Dudoignon E, Moreno N, Coutrot M, Dépret F. Low total cholesterol blood level is correlated with pulmonary severity in COVID-19 critical ill patients. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2020 Dec 1;39(6):733-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2020.07.015 .
Osuna-Ramos JF, Rendón-Aguilar H, De Jesús-González LA, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Espinoza-Ortega AM, Ochoa-Ramírez LA, et al. Serum lipid profile changes and their clinical diagnostic significance in COVID-19 Mexican Patients. medRxiv. 2020 Jan 1. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.24.20169789 .
Shang L, Wang L, Zhou F, Li J, Liu Y, Yang S. Long‐term effects of obesity on COVID‐19 patients discharged from hospital. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease. 2021 Dec;9(4):1678-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.522 .
Chidambaram V, Geetha HS, Kumar A, Majella MG, Sivakumar RK, Voruganti D, et al. Association of lipid levels with COVID-19 infection, disease severity, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.862999
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 bdalla E. Ali, Hamsa K. Ibrahim, Abuagla M. Dafalla, Hani M. Abdalla, Gad Allah Modawe
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Permit others to copy and distribute the manuscript; to extract, revise, and create other derivative
works of or from the manuscript (e.g., a translation); to incorporate the manuscript into a
collective work; and to text or data mine the article, even for commercial purposes, provided that
the author(s) is/are credited; the article's modifications should not harm the author's honor or
reputation; and the article should not be altered in a way that would cause the author to lose their
reputation. The Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) has more
information.